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Melatonin: A “Guardian” of the Genome and Cellular Integrity for Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis
Published in Andreia Ascenso, Sandra Simões, Helena Ribeiro, Carrier-Mediated Dermal Delivery, 2017
Patricia Manteigas, Andreia Ascenso
These last two factors are responsible for what is known as the bystander effect. The concept arose in the 1970s from a group of immunologists, and it is defined as the induction of biological alterations in non-stimulated cells by signals transmitted from stimulated neighboring cells [137]. This phenomenon was initially tied up with ionizing radiation even though recent studies have evidenced that it is also valid for other cell stressors, namely UVR [137,138]. Besides the direct mechanisms, the bystander effect is fivefold higher for UVB than for UVA radiation [134].
Understanding actively caring
Published in E. Scott Geller, Working Safe, 2017
The reduced tendency of observers of an emergency to help a victim when they believe other potential helpers are available has been termed the bystander effect and has been replicated in several situations. Researchers have systematically explored reasons for the bystander effect and have identified conditions influencing this phenomenon. The results most relevant to safety management are reviewed here.
MRCPsych Paper A1 Mock Examination 3: Answers
Published in Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri, Get Through, 2016
Melvyn WB Zhang, Cyrus SH Ho, Roger CM Ho, Ian H Treasaden, Basant K Puri
Explanation: Bystander effect is the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to extend help during an emergency when in the presence of others. The most classic example is the murder of Kitty Genovese, during which none of her neighbours called the police despite hearing her cries.
Can a Technology-Amplified Bystander Effect Impede the Prevention of Campus Sexual Assault? Findings from an Experimental Vignette Study
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2023
Heather Hensman Kettrey, Martie P. Thompson
The purpose of the present study was to experimentally examine the effects of safety apps on bystander intentions to intervene into potential sexual assault situations. Based on Darley and Latane’s (1968) foundational work on the bystander effect, which indicates likelihood of intervention into emergency situations decreases as the number of witnesses increases, we proposed that greater levels of mobile connectivity would be associated with lower intentions to intervene. Specifically, we hypothesized that broad campus uptake of safety apps could amplify the bystander effect by increasing the perceived pool of bystanders to include both the witnesses who are physically present in a risky scenario and members of a support network who can be quickly accessed via mobile technology. Our experimental vignette study provided no evidence of such a technology-amplified bystander effect.
Event-specific and individual factors impacting college students’ decisions to intervene in a potentially risky scenario
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Chrystina Y. Hoffman, Leah E. Daigle
The bystander approach tackles the problem of college sexual violence in a broader community context by appealing to college students to challenge social norms supportive of sexual assault and take an active role in interrupting potentially high-risk situations.8,9,15 This method is especially beneficial for universities as bystanders are frequently present during the pre-assault phase.16 Research also indicates that up to a third of sexual assaults and rapes occur in the presence of a third party.17 Additionally, college students are unrealistically optimistic and underestimate their personal chances of experiencing negative life events, such as victimization4; therefore, peers may be better suited to identify potentially dangerous situations. Bystander intervention approaches teach participants to act via interactive exercises and role-playing. Facilitators emphasize “understanding appropriate levels of intervention, being mindful of personal safety, and different personal options bystanders may employ depending on the nature of the situation”.8 Holistically, these initiatives aim to diminish what is widely known as the bystander effect. The main proposition of the bystander effect is that “the presence of other people serves to inhibit the impulse to help”.11 The presence of others diffuses responsibility, and potential blame, among all observers.11
Should I call for help?: Examining the influences of situational factors and bystander characteristics on reporting likelihood
Published in Journal of School Violence, 2019
Fischer et al. (2011) noted situational danger appeared to disrupt the bystander effect, or the impact of group size on helping. The authors discussed several potential explanations for the mitigation of the bystander effect in dangerous contexts, including increased nervous system arousal, decreased ambiguity of the need for help, reduced fear due to the amount of potential helpers, and rational choice calculations which weigh the need for help versus the risk to the individual bystander. Fischer et al. found nonemergency contexts produced the largest bystander effect in relation to dangerous emergencies and situations involving a perpetrator. As a result of these findings, the authors hypothesize in the survey conditions involving serious potential or actual injury (indecent exposure, physical assault, and weapon possession on campus), the impact of the group size variable will be reduced compared to the condition involving little harm (petty larceny).