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Psychological Medicine
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Harrison Howarth, Jim Bolton, Gary Bell
Adjustment disorder is a state of distress arising in the period of adaptation to a significant life event, such as the diagnosis of a severe physical illness. It occurs in around one-quarter of medical patients.
Dysfunctions of COVID-19
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
The mental stress events causing adjustment disorder are weak in intensity, and most of them are common events in daily life. The milder condition of adjustment disorder is closely related to personality and individual coping style, and there is a lack of research on the pathological mechanism of this disorder. There is also a lack of epidemiological reports on the incidence rate in adjustment disorder. It has been reported in foreign countries that patients with adjustment disorder account for 5%–20% of psychiatric outpatient clinics.
Compassion Focused Therapy for Neurological Conditions
Published in Giles N. Yeates, Fiona Ashworth, Psychological Therapies in Acquired Brain Injury, 2019
Pilot data from the programme suggests that the elements of compassion focused therapy included in this adjustment and self-management programme were experienced as helpful by participants. Based on participants’ feedback, these elements appeared to contribute significantly to participants’ felt sense of safety within the group and openness to confront challenging aspects of living with neuro-disability. Participants described reframing their expectations and evaluations of their own performance in a positive way. Objective measures showed reductions in anxiety and improvements in functional performance. Combining physical, functional and compassion-focused therapy interventions appears to be beneficial in supporting adjustment to long-term neuro-disability. In particular, this approach is recommended for people who are experiencing psychological distress associated with adjustment difficulties. Within this pilot group, participants with higher scores on the HADS appeared to engage best and benefit most from compassionate mind training techniques and exercises. Four out of five participants specifically commented on how the atmosphere and orientation of the group had been helpful to them in learning about what they can do to move forward. These preliminary findings suggest that CFT offers a relevant and useful platform for adjustment and self-management interventions in neurorehabilitation.
What are the pharmacotherapeutic options for adjustment disorder?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
AD develops within 1–3 months after a psychosocial stressor and is characterized by distress that is disproportionate to the severity of the stressor. The stressor may be of any severity or type, in contrast to PTSD, which is triggered by exposure to life-threatening traumatic events. However, symptoms of adjustment disorder are characteristic of a trauma- and stressor-related disorder. Thus, it may be accompanied by preoccupations related to the stressor, excessive worrying, rumination, and recurrent or intrusive thoughts related to the stressor and its consequences [1]. DSM-5 lists a number of subtypes of AD, including those with depressed mood, those with anxiety, those with mixed anxiety and depressed mood, those with disturbance of conduct, those with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct, and those with unspecified. Symptoms of AD are resolved within 6 months unless the stressor or its consequences persist.
The aftershocks of infidelity: a review of infidelity-based attachment trauma
Published in Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 2021
Benjamin Warach, Lawrence Josephs
Other authors suggest employing an adjustment disorder diagnosis for infidelity victimization where applicable, while still acknowledging the trauma that has occurred (Araoz & Carrese, 1996; Lusterman, 2005b). Prototypical examples of adjustment disorder-causing stressors include romantic relationship termination, marital problems, business difficulties or crises, “unfulfilling” sexual relationships, and/or the deaths of loved ones (DSM-5, p. 287). However, the symptom criteria that are currently specified under the DSM-5 adjustment disorder diagnosis and its six subtypes are not specifically responsive to the traumatic symptomatology that characterizes PTSD but only to depression, anxiety, and conduct disturbance. As such, the current diagnostic nosology lacks an accurate label for the acute PTSD-like reactions of certain individuals that suffer romantic betrayal. One possible solution is to create an additional adjustment disorder subtype that is specifically responsive to traumatic reactions from non-life threatening and/or non-sexually violent events. An “adjustment disorder with traumatic symptomatology” diagnosis would better reflect the symptom presentation of infidelity-based attachment trauma that involves acute stress-related PTSD features.
Current perspectives on co-morbid depression and multiple sclerosis
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Adjustment disorders refer to disturbances that are by definition self-limited and which do not meet full criteria for any specific situation. They are associated with identifiable stressors and in contrast to the adaptive forms of depression (e.g. bereavement) they represent maladaptive responses to life events. While adjustment disorders can be characterized by many different patterns of symptoms, those with depressive symptoms are among the most common. However, maladaptive emotional reactions can be prodromal aspects of a depressive disorder, so clinical vigilance is required. The prevalence of adjustment disorder is unknown in MS. These conditions are by definition self-limited and do not require any specific treatment, but psychotherapy may be useful [56].