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Insulin-Like Growth Factors
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Alan D. Stiles, Billie M. Moats-Staats, George Z. Retsch-Bogart
Insulin-like growth factors are expressed in both fetal and postnatal lung, as are their receptors and binding proteins. In fetal rat lung, from 15 days of gestation through term (term = 22 days), both IGF-I and IGF-II transcripts have been identified (Lund et al., 1986; Davenport et al., 1987); IGF-II is expressed in greater abundance than is IGF-I. Human fetal lung from early midtrimester also expresses transcripts for both IGF-I and IGF-II and contains immunoreactive IGF-I (Han et al., 1987a,b, 1988; D’Ercole et al., 1986). Consistent with this is the observation that both fetal mouse and fetal human lung explants elaborate immunoreactive IGF-I (D’Ercole et al., 1980; Snyder and D’Ercole, 1985). Fetal lung cells expressing IGFs were identified in human midtrimester lung using in situ hybridization analyses (Han et al., 1987b). Specific hybridization was seen in cells located in the pleura and the interstitium and in perivascular fibroblasts. As with other fetal tissues, IGF production in fetal lung appeared to be localized to mesenchymal cells. Tissue culture studies support this finding. WI-38 cells, a human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line, were the first cultured cells shown to elaborate immunoreactive IGF-I (Atkinson et al., 1980, 1984), and we have demonstrated transcripts for both IGF-I and IGF-II in these cells. Furthermore, fetal rat lung fibroblasts in primary culture also express IGF-I (Stiles et al., 1989).
Antiviral therapeutics for viral infections of the central nervous system
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, simian herpesvirus B and varicella zoster virus (VZV), which encode a unique thymidine kinase (TK), are all susceptible to inhibition by the active metabolite of acyclovir. The 50% inhibitory concentration (ID50) for HSV-1 and HSV-2 is 0.1 μmol, in contrast to uninfected Vero cells (300 μmol). The ID50 for VZV is 3 μmol, while that for uninfected WI 38 cells is >3000 μmol. Valacyclovir is metabolized to acyclovir, and thus has the same antiviral profile.
Role of Nonhistone Chromosomal Proteins in Selective Gene Expression
Published in Gerald M. Kolodny, Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, 2018
I.R. Phillips, E.A. Shephard, J.L. Stein, G.S. Stein
Nonhistone chromosomal proteins also seem to be involved in mediating viral-induced modifications in gene expression. It was shown, by immunological techniques, that the nonhistone proteins of SV40-transformed WI-38 human fibroblasts differed from those of untransformed cells.326 Gel-electrophoretic and radioactive-labeling studies have also demonstrated differences in the levels and rates of synthesis of specific nonhistone proteins in SV40-transformed and untransformed WI-38 cells409–414 and in Rous sarcoma virus-infected chick embryo fibroblasts.415 Although Gonzalez and Rees416 did not find significant differences between the nonhistones of SV40-trans-formed and normal 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblasts, Krause et al.417 found differences which were similar to those observed between SV40-transformed and normal WI-38 cells, and the latter group proposed that these changes may be a specific feature of SV40-mediated cell transformation. The possible involvement of nonhistone chromosomal proteins as mediators of aberrant gene expression in neoplastic cells has recently been reviewed.459
Emerging Human Coronavirus Infections (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19): Where They Are Leading Us
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2021
First human coronaviruses (CoVs) were isolated at approximately same time in the Britain and the United States [1]. A specimen named, B814 collected in 1960 from the boy infected with common cold did not produce virus on inoculation into cell culture, but produced infection upon serially passaging three times in human tracheal organ culture and induced the common cold in healthy volunteers showing that it was replicating [2]. On the other hand, in the winter of 1962 in Chicago, USA, Hamre and Procknow got success in culturing the virus obtained from the samples collected from medical students infected with common cold on WI-38 cells (a diploid human cell line composed of fibroblasts derived from lung tissues of a 3-month-gestation aborted female fetus by Leonard Hayflick and his colleague at Wistar Institute) [3]. This virus adapted a cytopathic effect on WI-38 cells, which was not seen before. This virus was named 229E. However, both B814 and 229E were RNA viruses and ether sensitive, which shows they require a lipid membrane for infectivity. Electron microscopy revealed that they had similar structure too. However, both these viruses were not related to myxo- or paramyxoviruses. Thereafter other strains of CoVs (OC (organ culture) 38 and OC43, which grow on brains of suckling mice) and avian infectious bronchitis virus were also isolated [4–6]. These discoveries started to establish another family of viruses responsible for common cold and other mild respiratory tract infections in humans. Although, they may also produce serious illness in their corresponding or respective species.
PLA-coated Imwitor® 900 K-based herbal colloidal carriers as novel candidates for the intra-articular treatment of arthritis
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Haidy Abbas, Nehal M. EL-Deeb, Mariam Zewail
The treatment non-toxic dose that does not show a toxic force on Wi-38 (normal embryonic (3 months gestation, lung tissue) cells was determined using cytotoxicity assay, which accomplished using MTS assay. A cell suspension (6 × 104 cell/ml) was seeded (100 µl cell suspension per well) in 96-well plates which plates incubated at 37 °C in humidified 5% CO2 for 24 h. After that, the exhausted old medium was discarded and replaced by either 100 µl of different treatment concentrations (prepared in culture medium) or medium (as a negative control) were added. The cell plates were incubated at the same growth conditions for 3 days. After 3 days, the cytotoxic effects were quantified using MTS assay Kit according to the instruction protocol.
Research progress of natural products and their derivatives against Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Jin-Ying Liu, Hong-Yan Guo, Zhe-Shan Quan, Qing-Kun Shen, Hong Cui, Xiaoting Li
Fatma et al. synthesised a series of glycyrrhizic acid derivatives, and evaluated the AChE inhibitory effect of 13 derivatives and glycyrrhizin using the Ellman method. They found that 50, 51, 52 and 53 had higher inhibitory effects than glycyrrhizin (IC50 = 3.43, 5.39, 6.27 and 8.68 μM, respectively). From these data, The inhibition rate of C-30 forming amide bond is stronger than that of forming ester bond. No cytotoxicity was observed in the normal cells (WI-38). Pharmacological experiments indicated that the compounds had insignificant antioxidant capacity; thus, their effect is not through the antioxidant pathway54. The complete mechanism of action is not yet clear, and further in-depth research is required (Figure 9, Table 3).