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Cardiac Tumours
Published in Mary N. Sheppard, Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2022
Arguments concerning the origin of myxomas continue. It is now accepted that they are true neoplasms. DNA analysis of myxomas has shown to be mostly diploid and aneuploid. The cell of origin remains contentious. Ultrastructural studies suggest the tumour cells are most like primitive multipotential mesenchymal cells. The concept that this cell is capable of a wide range of phenotypic differentiation is supported by the reported expression of a wide range of antigens. The myxoma tumour cells often cluster around cells marking as endothelial cells with CD34 (Fig. 7.18), but whether these are just a supporting stroma or an integral part of the tumour is unclear. Cytokeratin may be focally positive if there is a glandular pattern of differentiation. Vimentin is usually positive in the tumour cells. Desmin is most frequently described as negative but smooth muscle actin can be positive in the myxoma cells as well as the stroma. Neuron-specific enolase, S-100 and synaptophysin have all been reported as variably positive (Fig. 7.19). Calretinin is the most useful marker and is strongly positive in all myxoma cells and very useful in differentiating from myxosarcomas which are usually negative (Fig. 7.20).9 Histiocytic/macrophage markers are positive in the stroma. The cells of the embryonic endocardial cushions resemble myxoma cells, and a widely held view is that nests of such cells persist in the endocardium, particularly in the region of the foramen ovale where they may give rise to myxomas but definitive identification of these in adults is lacking.
An Immunohistological Approach to the Differential Diagnosis of Childhood Brain Tumors
Published in John T. Kemshead, Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
Hugh B. Coakham, Stephen P. Bourne
These include 7—11 nm intermediate-filament proteins which form part of the cytoskeleton. Five groups of these proteins have been described, four of which are reasonably tissue specific, and these have been comprehensively reviewed by Osborne and Weber.16 These proteins were originally thought to be germ-layer specific and, therefore, would accurately reflect the origin of different tumor types. Inevitably, further research has revealed exceptions to this rule and in addition examples of coexpression of two classes of intermediate-filament proteins within the same tissue have been discovered. Nevertheless, the basic pattern of tissue specificity holds well enough for these markers to play a useful diagnostic role. Table 3 shows the intermediate filament antigens together with examples of monoclonal antibodies used to identify them. In our experience, the antibodies which identify neurofilament protein and cytokeratin have been particularly useful. It will be seen that vimentin is a less specific marker, since, although it is constantly expressed by mesenchymal tumors, it is widely distributed among other cell types. Coexpression of vimentin and GFAP occurs in astrocytomas and medulloblastomas.
Analyses of the Idiotypes and Ligand Binding Characteristics of Human Monoclonal Autoantibodies to Dna: Do We Better Understand Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
Published in Irun R. Cohen, Perspectives on Autoimmunity, 2020
Andre-Schwartz et al.14 have shown that the monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies, which were produced by hybridomas derived from MRL-lpr mice and human lupus patients, bind to the cytoskeleton of mink lung cells. The monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies appear to react with the intermediate filament vimentin and perhaps other cytoskeletal proteins. The cyto-skeletal staining was not inhibited by prior treatment of the cells with DNAase, but was completely blocked by prior incubation of the monoclonal antibodies with DNA and other nucleic acids. The ability of the polynucleotides to inhibit the cytoskeletal staining corresponded to their ability to bind to the antibodies in competitive immunoassays. An (Fab′)2 preparation of the monoclonal antibody bound to the cytoskeleton as well as the whole immunoglobulin. The ability of antinucleic acid antibodies to react with a cytoskeletal protein broadens the scope of cross-reaction of anti-DNA lupus autoantibodies. These cross-reactions suggest that vimentin may share the same epitope as nucleic acids and cardiolipin. Interestingly enough, vimentin is a phosphorylated protein and is found in large amounts in tissues such as the central nervous system, the kidneys, and the skin.15
Isoalantolactone suppresses gallbladder cancer progression via inhibiting the ERK signalling pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Xingyu Lv, Yuqi Lin, Xi Zhu, Xiujun Cai
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition is a cellular process in which epithelial cells lose apical–basolateral polarity, disassemble cell–cell junctions and become progressively motile, and it plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of cancer (Dongre and Weinberg 2019). Vimentin is an important component of the intermediate filament protein family and a biomarker for predicting tumour metastasis, which is closely related to the invasion and metastasis of various malignant tumours (Satelli and Li 2011; Al-Maghrabi 2020). N-cadherin, a calcium-dependent single-chain transmembrane glycoprotein, is another key EMT marker that mediates homotypic and heterotypic cell–cell adhesion (Cao et al. 2019). The above proteins play an important role in the evolution of EMT and our study also verified the characteristic changes of these proteins. The results showed that IAL inhibited the migration and invasion of GBC cells by inhibiting the protein levels of the EMT-related factors N-cadherin and vimentin.
Piperine liposome-embedded in hyaluronan hydrogel as an effective platform for prevention of postoperative peritoneal adhesion
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Hanieh Karimi, Shahram Rabbani, Delaram Babadi, Simin Dadashzadeh, Azadeh Haeri
Vimentin, a well-known marker of cell migration, could enhance the migration of cells participating in adhesion formation (leucocytes and fibroblasts) (Chernoivanenko et al.2013). Ki67 is a nuclear protein that participates in the cell proliferation (Sun and Kaufman 2018); hence, due to the proliferating activity of cells in the adhesion site, this marker could also clarify the development of intraperitoneal adhesion. Collagen-I, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, is synthesised by fibroblasts during fibrin deposition. For that reason, it is another suitable marker to evaluate the severity of the adhesion formation (Fatehi Hassanabad et al.2021). Among all groups, the one treated with liposome-in-hydrogel containing PIP demonstrated the lowest level of vimentin, Ki67, and collagen-I expression. Overall, the low adhesion score, no sign of inflammation, and successful remesothelialization, together with the lowest level of IHC biomarkers among all animals, confirm the potential of PIP-liposome-in-hydrogel formulation to suppress postoperative adhesion.
A review of protein-protein interaction and signaling pathway of Vimentin in cell regulation, morphology and cell differentiation in normal cells
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Danial Hashemi Karoii, Hossein Azizi
The data provided in this review reveals that Vimentin is in critical physiological progressions such as appropriate cellular homeostasis, inflammation, and death. Changes in Vimentin expression patterns are linked with cancer progression, especially those leading to enhanced invasion and cellular migration. Vimentin is an intermediate filament that extends from the nuclear periphery to the cell membrane and is connected with the tubulin and actin cytoskeleton. The cellular functions of Vimentin contribute to regulation and stability of DNA and mRNA, actin positioning, cell to migrate, decreased angiogenesis, atherogenesis, and vascular inflammation, and organelle organization in different stages of the Cells process. Vim, Tpm4, Apaf1, Tnfrsf10b, Fas, Casp3, Casp6, Casp7, Casp8, Des, Tpm2, Fadd, Tradd, Ttn, Tnnc2, Tpm1, Xiap, Tnni2, Ripk1, and Tnnt3 are predicted to be involved in the cell differentiation signaling system. Finally, we will discuss recent discoveries about the function of Vimentin in cell and tissue signaling, differentiation, and morphogenesis. As a result, functional study of phosphomimetic mutations at these locations will aid in a better understanding of Vimentin’s regulatory activities.