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Different Dietary Approaches
Published in Ruth Chambers, Paula Stather, Tackling Obesity and Overweight Matters in Health and Social Care, 2022
Many diets emphasise a reduction in fat intake, which automatically reduces caloric intake, as fat is particularly high in calories. Fatty acids are a major component of healthy diets. Common saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and mysristic acid are found in animal products including dairy, red meat, egg, coconut and palm oils and chocolate. Trans fatty acids such as vaccenic acid (natural) and elaidic acid (industrial) are the most common types of trans fatty acids in people’s diet. The most common source of omega-6 fatty acid is linoleic acid, derived from plant oils, whole grains, nuts and seeds. Evidence suggests that a diet with a high amount of omega fatty acids, a low amount of saturated fatty acids and nil or a low amount of trans fatty acids might improve health outcomes and increase longevity.3
Healing the Heart with Whole Foods and Food Bioactives
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2015
TFAs can be found in nature and may be produced industrially. Vaccenic acid and the naturally occurring isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9, t11-CLA), are found in meat and milk products derived from ruminant animals.138 Other TFAs may form in the industrial production of solid fats from liquid oils through the process of partial hydrogenation,139 in addition to small amounts produced in the course of the deodorization and refinement of vegetable oils.140 It is well established that the industrially produced TFAs (iTFAs), ubiquitous in the processed food supply, are detrimental to cardiovascular health due to their ability to impair endothelial function, elevate triglycerides and Lp(a) lipoprotein, increase thrombogenesis, reduce the particle size of LDL cholesterol, and increase LDL cholesterol while simultaneously decreasing HDL cholesterol.141–144 Specifically, one meta-analysis found that a 2% increase in energy intake from TFAs was associated with a 23% increase in the incidence of CHD.145 The presence of iTFAs in the systemic circulation favors inflammation, ultimately contributing to atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart hypertrophy as well as other chronic diseases.146,147 It has been proposed by Angelieri et al.148 that TFA contributes to inflammation and metabolic disturbances by altering cell signaling via intracellular kinases and insulin receptor substrates.
Effects of Dietary Trans Fatty Acids on Cardiovascular Risk
Published in Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss, Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Ronald P. Mensink, Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss
Most double bonds of the unsaturated fatty acids in the diet have the so-called cis configuration, but fatty acids with double bonds in the trans configuration also exist. These so-called trans fatty acids (TFA) are mainly produced during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils rich in cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid) like sunflower oil and soybean oil. Through partial hydrogenation, the liquid oils are converted into fats with increased functionality and stability that can be used for frying and baking and for the manufacturing of foods such as biscuits, shortening, and margarines with longer shelf life. Fats rich in these industrially produced TFA (iTFA) were mainly used as substitutes for natural fats rich in saturated fatty acids such as butter, lard, and tropical oils. Typically, these iTFA have 18 carbon atoms and one double bond, mainly located between the (n-5)-carbon and the (n-12)-carbon atom. When the double bond is located at the (n-9)-position, this specific TFA isomer is called elaidic acid (trans-C18:1n-9). In contrast to partial hydrogenation, the full hydrogenation of vegetables oils does not result in the production of TFA but of stearic acid (Figure 12.1). However, TFA are also formed by the bacterial transformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the first stomach of ruminant animals. In ruminant fats, trans isomers with 18 carbon atoms and one double bond also dominate, but trans isomers with 14 and 16 carbon atoms are present as well. As bacterial transformation is a more selective process, the double bond in ruminant TFA (rTFA) is mainly, but not exclusively, located at the (n-7)-carbon atom. This TFA is called trans-vaccenic acid or briefly vaccenic acid (trans-C18:1n-7). Most rTFA in the diet are from dairy origin. Though most TFA in the diet have one double bond, TFA isomers of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid also exist. In this respect, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is well known. CLA refers to a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid, whose double bounds can be in either trans or cis configuration. CLA differs from most natural polyunsaturated fatty acids in that the double bounds are not separated by a methylene carbon but are conjugated. One common CLA isomer has a cis double bond at the (n-9) carbon atom and a trans double bond at the (n-7) position and is present in ruminant fat. However, it can also be formed in the human body by the desaturation of vaccenic acid.
Arabian Primrose leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: their industrial and biomedical applications
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Shruti Nindawat, Veena Agrawal
The compounds identified through GC-MS analysis in the leaf extract are listed in Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary Figure 2. Some of the compounds have been reported to have high medicinal potential such as 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol which is a phenolic compound reported to have anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities [27]. Similarly, 2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid is reported to be fungicidal against several pathogenic sps. (Candida sp. and Aspergillus sp.) [28] and its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity have also been reported by Nieminen et al. [29]. Also, cis-Vaccenic acid is reported to have anti-inflammatory effects [30]. Guanosine is an intercellular messenger in the central nervous system and it has neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects [31]. Dehydroabietic acid is a naturally occurring diterpene resin acid mainly found in conifers and has anti-microbial, anti-ulcer, cardiovascular activities along with anti-aging effects [32]. Also, n-Hexadecanoic acid is reported to have anti-oxidant, hypocholestrolemic and anti-bacterial activities [33]. Ravi and Krishnan [34] explored the anti-cancer cytotoxic potential of hexadecanoic acid. Thus, the results revealed presence of high medicinal potential of the bioactive compounds found in A. hispidissima leaf extract.
Metabolite profiling reveals the interaction of chitin-glucan with the gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Julie Rodriguez, Audrey M. Neyrinck, Zhengxiao Zhang, Benjamin Seethaler, Julie-Anne Nazare, Cándido Robles Sánchez, Martin Roumain, Giulio G. Muccioli, Laure B. Bindels, Patrice D. Cani, Véronique Maquet, Martine Laville, Stephan C. Bischoff, Jens Walter, Nathalie M. Delzenne
Secondary bile acids are produced by gut microbes via biotransformation of host-derived primary bile acids.26 Regarding the bacterial metabolites produced from cholesterol, we did not detect any differences in bile acid profile after CG intake, except a tendency of CG to decrease a precursor of bile acid synthesis, the THCA. Secondary bile acids are not the sole lipidic metabolites produced by the gut microbes from lipids. Indeed, PUFA may be also reduced by bacteria, leading to trans and conjugated fatty acids. We observed that CG intake significantly increased the concentration of fecal vaccenic acid, another type of lipid-derived bacterial metabolites.27 It is interesting to observe an increase of vaccenic acid in parallel to an increase of Roseburia after the CG supplementation. Indeed, a previous study identified the ability of Roseburia spp. to actively metabolize linoleic acid, forming either vaccenic acid or an hydroxy-18:1 fatty acid.28 Interestingly, two species are able to produce vaccenic acid: Roseburia hominis and Roseburia inulinivorans. The ability of these species to produce vaccenic acid was confirmed in pure cultures from linoleic acid in deuterium-oxide enriched medium.29 Although we did not find any statistical significant correlation between vaccenic acid and an ASV belonging to Roseburia hominis, a consistent increase of this metabolite in parallel to a higher abundance of this ASV was observed in participants receiving CG, suggesting that the increase of vaccenic acid could also be a biomarker of CG interaction with gut microbiota. Interestingly, vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans-11) level correlated positively with other trans isomers of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1 trans-9), and with the final product of bacterial reduction of rumenic acid, stearic acid (C18:0); in addition, it inversely correlated with linoleic acid (C18:2 cis-9, cis-12), the precursor of rumenic acid reduction pathway of bacteria. This is in favor of the bacterial origin of vaccenic acid increase by CG. Several studies evaluated the impact of vaccenic acid on health, and suggest a beneficial effect by this LCFA on cardiometabolic disease risk, linked namely to changes in blood lipids, both in animal models and in humans.30–34 The contribution of dietary supplementation versus the “endogenous”, meaning gut microbial production of vaccenic acid to lipid metabolism, remains to be established.