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Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry of Mammalian Skin
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Five types of collagen fibers have been described in the human. The difference between the types is based on amino acid composition and sequence. Type I collagen is found in the dermis, bone, tendons, ligament, and dentin. Type II collagen is found predominantly in hyaline cartilage. Type III is found in the fetal dermis, uterus, and cardiovascular system, and immunofluorescent studies show it to be localized in the papillary dermis. Type IV is found in the basal lamina.202–204 Type V collagen, also known as AB, is found in the cornea, dermis, placental membranes, and lung. This type of collagen is thought to be important in cell movement.205
Collagen Production by the Intestinal Smooth Muscle Cell in Response to Inflammation: Wound Healing in the Gut
Published in William J. Snape, Stephen M. Collins, Effects of Immune Cells and Inflammation on Smooth Muscle and Enteric Nerves, 2020
Autoradiograms of radioactive collagen produced by HISM cells in culture demonstrated that the major collagen types synthesized by HISM cells in vitro was type I. Type III collagen was also produced in relatively large amounts as evidenced by the movement of a major band into the area of the α1 (I) band following pretreatment with dithiothreitol. Type V collagen was produced in relatively smaller amounts, as shown by the presence of the α1 (V) band which required enhancement by prolonged exposure (3). These collagen types were identical to those identified in collagen extracted from normal and strictured bowel (2).
Pregnancy-Related Proteins Detected by Their Biological Activities
Published in Gábor N. Than, Hans Bohn, Dénes G. Szabó, Advances in Pregnancy-Related Protein Research, 2020
Type IV collagen differs from other collagens (type I, II, and III) in that it contains very high levels of the hydroxylated amino acids, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysin, with about 10% of the hydroxyproline existing as 3-hydroxyproline.228 Another type of collagen has been extracted from placenta which had an amino acid composition similar to type IV collagen except that it contained no cysteine but contained 3-hydroxyproline, low arginine, and alanine.229 This collagen was designated as type V collagen. Immunofluorescence studies with antibodies to type V collagen confirmed that this collagen is present in the trophoblast basement membrane in placenta.230 Another unique collagen fraction which was found to be rich in cysteine has been isolated from limited pepsin digests of human placental tissues by Furuto and Miller.231 Similar peptides were extracted by Jander et al.232 These fractions could be isolated mainly from the maternal villi of placenta, only small amounts being obtained from fetal chorionic villi and the fetal membranes of the amnion and chorion.
Benefits of ketogenic diet in a pediatric patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and STXBP1-related epileptic encephalopathy
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2022
Aycan Ünalp, Hande Gazeteci Tekin, Pakize Karaoğlu, Zeynep Akışın
Our patient had the diagnosis of EDS when she was three years old. On physical examination she had hyperelastic skin and absent deep tendon reflexes. Type V collagen mutations in classical type EDS include heterozygous nonsense, frameshift or splice-site mutations of COL5A1. These mutations cause the inability to produce abnormal protein by the premature stop-codon of the mutant mRNA. As a result, alpha-1 chain production of type V collagen decreases [6]. Focal epilepsies are the most common seizure type seen in EDS. In EDS seizures were reported with brain malformations such as frontal gliosis, Dandy-Walker malformation, basilar artery hypoplasia, left hemispheric atrophy, venous parietal angioma, intracranial hemorrhage, and stroke [7]. The brain imaging of our patient showed mild atrophy with hyperintense signal changes on periventricular regions which can be attributed to her refractory seizures over a long period of time.
The first experience of denosumab therapy on patients with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and osteoporosis: detailed observation of two patients
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2021
Sako Yasukawa, Masashi Uehara, Takako Suzuki, Masaki Nakano, Tomoki Kosho, Yukio Nakamura, Jun Takahashi
A 59-year-old man with classical EDS caused by a mutation in the gene for type V collagen and osteoporosis received a 48-month course of denosumab therapy. His laboratory data and BMD are presented in Table 1. At the age of 3 years, his mother noticed an abnormal curvature of his spinal column and was later diagnosed with EDS. The patient wore a corset for scoliosis until the age of 16 years and subsequently underwent follow-up examinations. He experienced back pain and numbness in the limbs from the age of 48 years. Due to deterioration of symptoms, the patient underwent a posterior spinal fusion at age 53 years (Figure 1(a,b)). There was no loss of lumbar BMD, but it may have been possible that the bone density could not be accurately assessed in the lumbar spine due to the posterior thoracolumbar fixation. Therefore, the treatment for osteoporosis was determined on the basis of the reduced hip BMD. Furthermore, we believed that the treatment of osteoporosis was necessary in order to make bone strength the predominant condition for which a posterior thoracolumbar fixation was performed. He began subcutaneous administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH); however, he discontinued its use after one and a half years due to adverse reactions that included an itching sensation throughout the body.
Morphological features of pulmonary fibrosis in workers occupationally exposed to alpha radiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Gleb Sychugov, Tamara Azizova, Sergey Osovets, Evgeny Kazachkov, Valentina Revina, Evgeniya Grigoryeva
Type V collagen is produced in small quantities by a wide range of cells, including connective tissue cells, endothelial cells, and some epithelial cells. It remains in close contact with the cell surface and is presumed to be involved in the attachment of cells to adjacent structures and in the maintenance of tissue integrity (Suvarna et al. 2018).