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Ethanolic Extracts of Dysphania ambrosioides Alleviates Scopolamine-Induced Amnesia in Experimental Animals
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Rajashri Bezbaruah, Chandana C. Barua, Lipika Buragohain, Pobitra Borah, Iswar Chandra Barua, Ghanshyam Panigrahi
Transfer latency (TL) was measured as a parameter reflecting enhancement of memory. Transfer latency is the time taken by a mouse to enter either of the closed arms from the open arm with all four paws (Dhingra et al., 2004). Each mouse was placed at the end of an open arm, facing away from the central platform, and allowed to explore the maze. The animal will then try to enter one of the enclosed arms as a result of thigmotaxis. A decrease in TL will indicate the enhancement of memory.
Applied physiology: neuropathic pain
Published in Peter R Wilson, Paul J Watson, Jennifer A Haythornthwaite, Troels S Jensen, Clinical Pain Management, 2008
Victoria CJ Wallace, Andrew SC Rice
In addition to new models, work is being conducted to improve the range of behavioral tests employed in vivo (Figure 1.3). For example, spontaneous exploratory activity assessed in the open field paradigm is classically used as a measure of anxiety-related behavior in rodents.28 This test has been used as a measure of locomotor activity in pain models29 and more recently, additional measures of thigmotactic behavior indicate the presence of altered exploratory behavior in rodent models of pain without the presence of locomotor deficits. This behavior is sensitive to clinically employed analgesics, such as gabapentin and morphine,19, 27 suggesting the thigmotaxis to be correlated to a nonstimulus-evoked pain-like behavior in rodents be it spontaneous pain or pain comorbidities.
Synthesis, Enzyme Localization, and Regulation of Neurosteroids
Published in Sheryl S. Smith, Neurosteroid Effects in the Central Nervous System, 2003
Open-field activity is the oldest and simplest measure of rodent emotional behavior.52,53 Briefly, spontaneous exploratory locomotion, proximity to the walls and central arena, and number of fecal boli deposited are quantified in a brightly lit novel open field for 5 to 10 min. Whereas fully automated systems are widely used, the scoring also can be done manually. Thigmotaxis is measured by comparing activity in the center vs. activity in the perimeter of the open field. An animal exhibiting high-perimeter and low-center activity would be interpreted as possessing high levels of anxiety. However, an important distinction is that open-field activity is not a specific measure of anxiety or as specific a measure of anxiolytic drug effects as other paradigms described in this section. Nonetheless, open-field activity does provide a useful measure of normal vs. abnormal exploratory behavior.
Heritable natural variation of light/dark preference in an outbred zebrafish population
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2019
Amelia Dahlén, Mahendra Wagle, Mahdi Zarei, Su Guo
Overall, the SDA-F2 group demonstrated a significantly lower mean CI-Th than the VDA-F2 and VDA × MDA-F2 groups (Figure 6(A–C,G)). Additionally, a positive correlation (ρ = 0.2766) between CI-LD and CI-Th for the SDA-F2 larvae was revealed by a fitting linear regression model and calculating the pairwise linear correlation coefficient (Figure 6(D)). The stronger the dark avoidance, the closer the larvae swim near the chamber’s edges. The line of regression for the VDA-F2 group (ρ = –0.1661) suggested a very weak negative correlation (Figure 6(E)), whereas no correlation was found between CI-LD and CI-Th in VDA × MDA-F2 larvae (ρ = –0.0750) (Figure 6(F)). Finally, the VDA-F2 and VDA × MDA-F2 larvae had a significantly shorter latency of entry into the dark zone than both the parental F1 and the SDA-F2 groups (Figure 6(H)). On the other hand, the SDA-F2 larvae were significantly slower in entering the dark zone of the chamber than the parental F1, VDA-F2 and VDA × MDA-F2 groups. The increased thigmotaxis in combination with the heightened hesitancy to enter the dark chamber area supports SDA as an inherited anxiety-like phenotype.
A maternal high-fat/high-caloric diet delays reflex ontogeny during lactation but enhances locomotor performance during late adolescence in rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Erika Vanesa Cadena-Burbano, Carolina Cadete Lucena Cavalcanti, Amanda Braz Lago, Raquel de Arruda Campos Benjamim, Thaynan Raquel dos Prazeres Oliveira, Jacqueline Maria Silva, Raul Manhães-De-Castro, Raquel Da Silva Aragão
All groups showed progressive increases in the distance travelled starting in the second week of life. Locomotion develops rapidly between the second and third post-natal weeks.6,7 Consistent with this increased distance, we observed a steady decrease in the immobile time in our animals. The rotational displacement increased in all groups during the second week of life and between PND45 and PND60 in both high-fat groups. This parameter is related to small movements performed around the animals’ axis. Early in life, rotational displacement represents the pups’ attempts to stand against gravity, and later it is related to stereotyped behaviours performed in the field (grooming, licking, rearing, stretching). Average speed, average potency and kinetic energy are parameters linked to animals’ ability to transform muscle force into movement.7 The HH pups showed increased potency and energy levels until an older age. This may suggest that they have an increased capacity to displace the body around the field to produce higher energy expenditure and potency. The immobile time, the number of stops, and the spatial distribution of the time that an animal spent in the open field allow us to analyse the behavioural parameters of locomotion. In the first post-natal week, all animals spent more time immobile, more time in the central area of the field and showed fewer stops. Progressively, they showed decreased immobile time, increased time in the peripheral area and a stable number of stops. A maternal high-fat diet had little influence on these parameters early in life and during adolescence. An increased time in the peripheral area is related to increased exploratory activity and to the development of thigmotaxis.1,6
Optimizing assays of zebrafish larvae swimming performance for drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Jeffrey J. Widrick, Matthias R. Lambert, Louis M. Kunkel, Alan H. Beggs
The spatial distribution of swimming activity within an arena may be an important outcome measurement. There is consensus that larvae spend a disproportionate amount of time moving around the circumference of a small arena rather than moving back and forth across its center [19,74–76]. The tendency of an organism to remain in close physical contact with an object or wall is termed thigmotaxis and is often interpreted as an index of anxiety [17,77]. An additional advantage of collecting positional data is that the intra-individual coefficient of variation across days has been reported to be less than measures of larval movement [76].