China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Marine Algal Secondary Metabolites Are a Potential Pharmaceutical Resource for Human Society Developments
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Somasundaram Ambiga, Raja Suja Pandian, Lazarus Vijune Lawrence, Arjun Pandian, Ramu Arun Kumar, Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul
Obesity is defined as the unwanted accumulation of body fat and white adipose tissue (WAT), which inhibits the secretion of cytokines in adipose tissue and leads to a variety of other disorders such as diabetes, high cholesterol and stroke (Namvar et al., 2012). Thermogenesis plays an important role in the regulation of the mechanisms of obesity. Similarly, administration of algae to rats reduced plasma leptin and epididymal adipose tissue levels (Grasa-López et al., 2016). In addition, algae significantly reduced adipocyte size, fasting blood sugar and insulin levels in obese rats (Gammone and D’Orazio, 2015). Algae with fucoxanthin inhibited fat absorption and serum triglyceride levels in an in vivo model and have also been shown to have anti-obesity effects in mice (Kang et al., 2012).
Mitigation of Obesity: A Phytotherapeutic Approach
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
A.B. Sharangi, Suddhasuchi Das
Certain bioactive components can boost the metabolic rate (Hansen et al., 2010) through increased thermogenesis and thereby helps burn calories and surplus body fat. Adipocyte differentiation prevention through medicinal plants may hinder adipogenesis and development of fat cells, (Van Heerden, 2008). Several medicinal plants can boost lipolysis through inducing β-oxidation or nor-adrenaline secretion in fat cells (Okuda et al., 2001). Other anti-obesity ingredients can decrease the desire for food and encourage satiety (Geoffroy et al., 2011), allowing for appetite control. These conflicting functions of anti-obesity medicinal plants will ultimately reduce food and energy intake (Haaz et al., 2006). The values of BMI and the associated complications determine the new definition of obesity (Table 18.2).
Chemesthesis, Thermogenesis, and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Hilton M. Hudson, Mary Beth Gallant-Shean, Alan R. Hirsch
Body habitus may impact thermogenesis. Ingestion of a meal with three milligrams of capsaicin in the form of yellow curry sauce in eight normal weight and obese women caused energy expenditure to increase in the normal weight, but not obese group, casting doubt as to the utility of thermogenic manipulation for weight loss (Matsumoto, Miyawaki, Ue, Yuasa, Miyatsuji, and Moritani 2000).
Reduced contextually induced muscle thermogenesis in rats with calorie restriction and lower aerobic fitness but not monogenic obesity
Published in Temperature, 2023
Ashley M. Shemery, Meredith Zendlo, Jesse Kowalski, Erin Gorrell, Scott Everett, Jacob G. Wagner, Ashley E. Davis, Lauren G. Koch, Steven L. Britton, Joram D. Mul, Colleen M. Novak
Altogether, these studies demonstrate that contextually induced muscle thermogenesis is modulated by energy availability as well as aerobic fitness and obesity propensity but is not diminished by obesity per se. Though weight loss suppresses predator odor-induced muscle thermogenesis, the weight-reduced rats still showed significant muscle thermogenesis, implying that this thermogenesis might be harnessed to increase caloric expenditure even in conditions of energetic adaptation. Similarly, rats with monogenic obesity stemming from loss of MC4R function showed no discernable deficit in contextually induced muscle thermogenesis. Though rats with low intrinsic aerobic fitness that were obesity prone (but not obese) showed less thermogenic capacity than their high-fitness counterparts, the muscle thermogenic response was still sizable – ~1°C – therefore potentially exploitable for weight loss. The difference in muscle thermogenesis with disparate aerobic fitness may reflect altered function of one or more mechanisms underlying muscle non-shivering thermogenesis [69]. Altogether, augmenting muscle thermogenesis may be one way to amplify energy expenditure and combat weight gain.
Human cold habituation: Physiology, timeline, and modifiers
Published in Temperature, 2022
Beau R. Yurkevicius, Billie K. Alba, Afton D. Seeley, John W. Castellani
Human beings, when exposed to cold environments, exhibit a range of adaptations that are dependent on the number, duration, and severity of cold exposures. The primary adaptations that have been documented include a) hypermetabolic, b) insulative, and c) habituated responses [1,2]. A hypermetabolic adaptation has traditionally been defined as an enhancement in metabolic heat production, often through increased shivering thermogenesis, though the data supporting this type of response are sparse [3]. Recent data suggest that non-shivering thermogenesis may be a part of this increased heat production. An insulative adaptation is characterized by a greater degree of cutaneous vasoconstriction, resulting in lower skin temperatures and a reduction in peripheral heat loss. Insulative and hypermetabolic adaptations to the cold are not frequently observed in modern society as humans today typically engage in behavioral thermoregulation aided by the development of modern clothing, heated buildings, and vehicles that allow for the maintenance of thermoneutral microenvironments and comfort in the winter months. Interested readers are referred to excellent reviews for additional information on hypermetabolic and insulative adaptations to chronic cold stress [1,2,4,5].
Skeletal muscle plasticity and thermogenesis: Insights from sea otters
Published in Temperature, 2022
Traver Wright, Melinda Sheffield-Moore
Although the metabolic rate in resting skeletal muscle is low, it can rapidly increase to support metabolic demand. In skeletal muscle, this increased demand often powers muscle contractions for movement during physical activity, but can also increase for thermogenesis. Increased metabolic heat production can result from shivering (thermogenic muscle contractions that do not support functional movement), or nonshivering thermogenesis. Nonshivering thermogenesis has the advantage of not requiring muscle contraction to increase cellular energy expenditure. Instead, the sequestration of ions in membrane-bound intracellular chambers is made less efficient by “leaky” membranes. This leak requires additional energy expenditure to maintain trans-membrane concentration gradients, and includes proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane (where the proton gradient is used to generate ATP) as well as sarcolipin-mediated leak of sequestered calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum [4]. Through these mechanisms, skeletal muscle tissue contributes significantly to thermogenesis. Skeletal muscle metabolic capacity must be maintained at a level adequate to support not only thermogenesis, but also peak simultaneous demands for sustained physical activity and cellular maintenance. While increased demand for physical activity (e.g. endurance exercise training) is recognized as the primary work-producing stimulus to upregulate skeletal muscle aerobic capacity, the role of cold exposure is often underappreciated for its ability to stimulate an upregulation of metabolic capacity and thermogenic leak.