Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antimicrobial Preservative Efficacy and Microbial Content Testing*
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Scott V.W. Sutton, Philip A. Geis
In a capacity study by Barnes and Denton (58), the mixed cultures consisted of: (1) Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens), (2) Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. albus, Micrococcus flavus, M. luteus), (3) aerobic spore formers (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium), (4) mold spores (Mucor plumbeus, Aspergillus brasiliensis, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium spinulosum, Trichoderma spp.), and (5) yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sporobolomyces spp., Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans). The preservatives tested included benzalkonium chloride, Bronopol, chlorhexidine gluconate, chlorocresol, Dowicil 200, methyl parabens, Phenonip, propyl parabens, thimerosal, and “Preservative C”. Barnes and Denton incorporated the preservatives into creams, suspensions, or solutions at recommended use levels and also tested two lower concentrations.
Antimicrobial preservative efficacy and microbial content testing
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
In a capacity study by Barnes and Denton,52 the mixed cultures consisted of: (1) Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens), (2) Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. albus, Micrococcus flavus, Sarcina lutea), (3) aerobic spore formers (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium), (4) mold spores (Mucor plumbeus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium spinulosum, Trichoderma spp.), and (5) yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sporobolomyces spp., Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans). The preservatives tested included benzalkonium chloride, Bronopol, chlorhexidine gluconate, chlorocresol, Dowicil 200, methyl parabens, Phenonip, propyl parabens, thimerosal, and “Preservative C.” Barnes and Denton incorporated the preservatives into creams, suspensions, or solutions at recommended use levels and also tested two lower concentrations.
Molecular Mycology and Emerging Fungal Pathogens
Published in Johan A. Maertens, Kieren A. Marr, Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, 2007
Although Candida and Aspergillus species are the most frequent fungi producing nosocomial and iatrogenic infections, the diversity of pathogens continues to expand (58,59). An emerging infectious disease is one marked by (i) the appearance of a new pathogen, or (ii) a surge in the incidence of infection with a previously recognized pathogen. The increasing incidence of invasive aspergillosis in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients fulfills the second criterion (60). The appearance of novel fungal pathogens is an example of emerging infection due to the first criterion (61,62). There are case reports describing many rare fungal pathogens, such as caused by Hormographiella aspergillata, Acrophialophora fusispora, Cylindrocarpon lichenicola, Gymnas-cella hyalinospora, Phomopsis saccardo, Arthographis kalrae, Veronaea botryosa, Chaetomium perlucidum, Thermoascus taitungiacus, and others. More frequent fungal pathogens to consider in immunocompromised patients include Zygomycetes, Pneumocystis, Scedosporium, Fusarium, Cryptococcus, and agents of the endemic mycoses (63). In one review of mold infections in 53 recipients of heart or lung transplants, non-Aspergillus molds produced 27% of infections, and these infections were associated with higher rates of dissemination and death (64). Uncommon pathogens include fungi in numerous genera, such as Trichoderma, Acremonium, Paecilomyces, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces, Hansenula, Saccharomyces, Blastoschizomyces, Trichosporon, Malassezia, Alternaria, Curvularia, Bipolaris, Exophiala, Cladophialophora, Phialophora, Scopulariopsis, and Ulocladium. Although this is an extensive list of pathogens, an emerging threat from fungal infections does not occur simply because we are better at recognizing and identifying pathogens.
Mycotoxin patulin in food matrices: occurrence and its biological degradation strategies
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
Marina Sajid, Sajid Mehmood, Yahong Yuan, Tianli Yue
Another concept for patulin degradation is the breakdown of its potential toxicity products. Although all of the degradation products have not been evaluated, some have been identified as (E)-ascladiol, (Z)-ascladiol, deoxypatulinic acid (DPA), and hydroascldiol. The chemical structures of all patulin degradation products are derived from the breakdown of bonds in the patulin molecule (Figure 2) (Ricelli et al. 2007; Fuchs et al. 2008; Castoria et al. 2011; Hawar et al. 2013; Ianiri et al. 2013; Tannous et al. 2017). Patulin reduction during fermentative growth of three strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied. Two major products were formed during this reduction named as (E)-ascladiol and (Z)-ascladiol. The former one is the immediate biosynthetic precursor of patulin and later as its isomer. These two products with the reducing agent sodium borohydrate are also important for the patulin treatment (Moss and Long 2002). (E)-ascladiolis was referred as a mycotoxin (Suzuki et al. 1971) suggesting that this mycotoxin has less toxicity as compared to patulin and it has the ability to react with sulfhydryl-containing compounds (Sekiguchi et al. 1983). Moreover, previous studies showed that red yeast Pucciniomycotina and Sporobolomyces sp. IAM 13481 are able to degrade patulin into its products such as DPA, (E)-ascladiol and (Z)-ascladiol (Ianiri et al. 2013, 2017). Recently, it has been found that (E)-ascladiol and (Z)-ascladiol are nontoxic to human cell lines derived from the intestinal tract, kidney, liver, and immunity system (Tannous et al. 2017).
The important role of fungi in inflammatory bowel diseases
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Sui Wang, Yu-Rong Zhang, Yan-Bo Yu
Resistance to antibiotic treatments and various modes to withstand infections and protect epithelial barrier and regenerate damaged GI tissue [49], suggest the value of fungal probiotics in IBD treatment. S. boulardii, a strain very closely related to S. cerevisiae, is a probiotic strain with anti-inflammatory effects in colitis. S. boulardii interacts with transmembrane receptors to help restore intestinal cells, inhibit colonization by C. albicans during GI inflammatory status in mice [3,12]. It has been reported that mild to moderate UC patients who received mesalazine together with S. boulardii achieved remission at 4 weeks. As mentioned earlier, studies have shown that S. boulardii reduces local inflammation by restricting dendritic cells and induces inflammatory factor secretion and helper T cell deposition in lymph nodes, leading to a decrease in the total number of T cells [46,106,107]. The important role of S. boulardii in the protection and rebuilding of the intestinal epithelial barrier and intestinal microbial flora in multiple disorders has been well-studied [49,51,89]. Saccharomycopsis fibuligera, another fungal probiotic, has been shown to have significant anti-inflammatory functions in the TNBS-induced colitis animal model, but this probiotic has not been studied in humans [46]. Another probiotic yeast, Candida kefyr, has been shown to reduce the severity of inflammation in colitis animal models and attenuate intestinal inflammation by reducing Bacteroides and inhibiting the production of IL-6 [108]. Additionally, the genera Sporobolomyces and Trametes are anti-inflammatory in murine IBD. Sporobolomyces singularis can produce prebiotic enzymes in the gut. Therefore, they may represent two new probiotic fungal genera. Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill, a saprotrophic fungus, can be used to treat IBD, leading to a lower disease activity index and reducing serum lipopolysaccharide levels through Th cell regulation and autophagy suppression to restore the epithelial barrier [109,110]. However, these effects require further investigation.