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Antimicrobial Preservative Efficacy and Microbial Content Testing*
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Scott V.W. Sutton, Philip A. Geis
In a capacity study by Barnes and Denton (58), the mixed cultures consisted of: (1) Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens), (2) Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. albus, Micrococcus flavus, M. luteus), (3) aerobic spore formers (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium), (4) mold spores (Mucor plumbeus, Aspergillus brasiliensis, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium spinulosum, Trichoderma spp.), and (5) yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sporobolomyces spp., Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans). The preservatives tested included benzalkonium chloride, Bronopol, chlorhexidine gluconate, chlorocresol, Dowicil 200, methyl parabens, Phenonip, propyl parabens, thimerosal, and “Preservative C”. Barnes and Denton incorporated the preservatives into creams, suspensions, or solutions at recommended use levels and also tested two lower concentrations.
23S rRNA-Derived Small Ribosomal RNAs: Their Structure and Evolution with References to Plant Phylogeny
Published in S. K. Dutta, DNA Systematics, 2019
Most of the 5.8S rRNA molecules consist of 156 to 167 nucleotide residues. Variations in length come from insertions and the presence or absence of additional nucleotide residues at the 5′ and/or 3′ ends. In some species, the 5.8S rRNA population is found to be heterogenous at the ends. Individual components differ by the presence or absence of one or several nucleotide residues. The largest number of components is found in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. There are 8 species of 5.8S rRNA in them, 158 to 165 nucleotide residues long. Two of them, consisting of 164 and 159 nucleotide residues are the main species. This heterogeneity is the result of the presence of additional residues at the 5′ end.
The IRA Gene Family in Yeast
Published in Juan Carlos Lacal, Frank McCormick, The ras Superfamily of GTPases, 2017
Kazuma Tanaka, Akio Toh-e, Kunihiro Matsumoto
In this review, wild-type alleles and dominant mutations of yeast genes are denoted by capital italicized letters and defective mutations and gene disruptions by lower case italicized letters representing the gene followed by a superscript minus sign. The yeast proteins are denoted by capital Roman letters. Yeast in this review means budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fission yeast is used to describe Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Molecular radiobiology and the origins of the base excision repair pathway: an historical perspective
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
In eukaryotes, two Nth homologs were identified in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Eide et al. 1996; Augeri et al. 1997). Nth homologues were also characterized from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Roldan-Arjona et al. 1996; Karahalil et al. 1998). Both bovine (Hilbert et al. 1996) and human (Aspinwall et al. 1997; Hilbert et al. 1997) Nth homologs were also cloned and characterized. The eukaryotic functional homolog of Fpg, Ogg1, recognizes oxidized purines and is in the same structural family as Nth (Bruner et al. 2000). Ogg1 was first isolated from S. cerevisiae (Nash et al. 1996; van der Kemp et al. 1996) and no fewer than seven groups cloned the human counterpart, hOGG1 (Aburatani et al. 1997; Arai et al. 1997; Bjørås et al. 1997; Lu et al. 1997; Radicella et al. 1997; Roldán-Arjona et al. 1997; Rosenquist et al. 1997). OGG enzymes excise 8-oxoG, 8-oxoA, formamidopyrimidines and urea (Bjelland and Seeberg 2003; Dizdaroglu 2003).
Yeast: bridging the gap between phenotypic and biochemical assays for high-throughput screening
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Yeast, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but also Schizosaccharomyces pombe, have been long established as relatively simple, tractable, and highly characterized model eukaryotes [7]. Yeast benefit from a highly developed genetic tool kit and are fast growing (doubling time ~90 min) in simple, low-cost (liquid or solid) media. Such characteristics make S. cerevisiae and S. pombe ideal for antifungal HTS [8]. However, given that many cellular pathways are conserved in yeast and other eukaryotes (e.g. humans), these model cells can be easily engineered for the analyses of orthologous functions [9]. For example, the use of the yeast two hybrid systems has been utilized to identify inhibitors of protein–protein interactions [10,11]. However, the application of this technology for drug discovery has been relatively limited. In the following sections, I will focus on the wider use of yeast-based platforms designed to identify inhibitors of protein function. The predominant platforms have been previously described and illustrated [2,3], and in the following sections the contribution of yeast to HTS and drug discovery will be further discussed with reference to the available literature (Table 2, in chronological order) and the future perspectives considered.
Tamoxifen Never Ceases to Amaze: New Findings on Non-Estrogen Receptor Molecular Targets and Mediated Effects
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2018
Tatiana Anatolievna Bogush, Boris Borisovich Polezhaev, Ivan Andreevich Mamichev, Elena Alexandrovna Bogush, Boris Evseevich Polotsky, Sergei Alexeevich Tjulandin, Andrey Borisovich Ryabov
Besides the described effects, tamoxifen has antifungal activity. Particularly, it showed anticryptococcal activity explained by the tamoxifen's capacity to disturb calmoduline's functioning. In vitro tamoxifen suppressed growth of Cryptococcus neoformans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and in vivo tamoxifen and fluconazole had agonistic antifungal action (66,67).