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Retronasal Olfaction
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Jason J. Gruss, Alan R. Hirsch
The trappings and environment that surround a meal all serve to prepare a person for the experience of consuming food. Pleasant food odors typically produce salivation. Salivation is a preparatory step in eating. This also begins to prepare the gastrointestinal system for the food about to arrive. The milieu of sensory input has an emotional response as well. This can all occur before the food is even in sight.
Other Complications of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
With diabetes mellitus, reduced salivation is commonly seen, which may or may not include symptoms of a burning sensation inside the mouth or on the tongue. There may be enlargement of the parotid salivary glands. Gingivitis is signified by unhealthy or inflamed gums that may be red, swollen, and even bleed. Daily brushing and flossing, plus regular cleanings by a dentist, can prevent gingivitis. Periodontitis is gum disease that can change from mild to severe. The signs of gingivitis, by this time, have worsened, and the gums may pull away from the teeth. There is long-lasting infection between the teeth and gums, and chronic bad breath. Loosened teeth may move away from each other, and there are changes in the way the teeth fit together when biting. Periodontitis can be prevented via deep cleanings by a dentist and in severe cases gum surgery.
Drugs, accidents and poisoning
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
15.13. Which of the following have been recognized as side effects of methylphenidate?Headache.Sleepiness.Anorexia.Habituation.Excess salivation.
Influence of experimental end point on the therapeutic efficacy of the antinicotinic compounds MB408, MB442 and MB444 in treating nerve agent poisoned mice – a comparison with oxime-based treatment
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Jiri Kassa, Christopher M. Timperley, Mike Bird, A. Christopher Green, John E. H. Tattersall
Organophosphorus nerve agents are considered the most dangerous chemical warfare agents. They exert their acute toxic effects mainly by irreversibly inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) by phosphylation of its active site (serine hydroxyl group). Subsequent accumulation of the neurotramitter acetylcholine (ACh) in the central and peripheral nervous systems leads to overstimulation of muscarinic (mAChRs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Events over the last 5 years involving the confirmed use of nerve agents against individuals in the Syrian Arab Republic (Rice et al. 2015), in Malaysia and in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (OPCW (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons) Technical Secretariat 2018), have drawn attention internationally, including among scientists. These compounds cause a range of signs and symptoms collectively referred to as acute cholinergic crisis, indicated by muscle twitching and paralysis, lachrymation, miosis, salivation, respiratory failure, seizures and coma (Leibson and Lifshitz 2008). Death occurs due to acute central and peripheral respiratory failure resulting from bronchospasm, excessive bronchial secretion, paralysis of respiratory muscles, and depression of brain respiratory centers (Bajgar 2004; Colovic et al. 2013).
Mandibular advancement splints for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Andrew S. L. Chan, Kate Sutherland, Peter A. Cistulli
MAS exert reciprocal forces on the teeth and jaw, and may apply pressure on the gums and oral mucosa, depending on their design. These mechanical effects can result in acute symptoms, as well as long-term dental and skeletal changes. Minor and transient adverse effects are often experienced during the initial acclimatization period, mostly of a dental nature. These include excessive salivation, mouth dryness, tooth pain, gum irritation and temporomandibular joint discomfort. The reported frequencies of these adverse effects vary widely, but the occurrence of adverse effects serious enough to cause patients to discontinue use of their oral appliance are less common than the side effects which cause patients with OSA to discontinue treatment with CPAP [7]. Variation in the frequency of adverse effects is probably due to differences in the device design, the degree of mandibular advancement, the expertise of the dentist, and the frequency and duration of follow-up. As acute adverse effects may influence the patient’s acceptance of treatment, early recognition and attention to these symptoms are important.
18th Annual Meeting of the Safety Pharmacology Society: drug safety assessment on gastrointestinal system functions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2020
Icilio Cavero, Henry H. Holzgrefe
Case 2. A 68-year-old woman with metastatic colon cancer suffered profuse diarrhea and abdominal cramping/pain after the 1st treatment with folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan (FOLFIRI) and bevacizumab. Acute diarrhea elicited by irinotecan is mediated by its active Sn-38 metabolite (topoisomerase I inhibitor and DNA replication and transcription blocker). It is generally transient, infrequently severe, and routinely accompanied by AEs (e.g., rhinitis, salivation, miosis, lacrimation, hyperperistalsis) suggestive of cholinergic receptor hyperstimulation which can be mitigated by atropine premedication. Delayed (5 days after initial infusion) diarrhea can be life-threatening since it produces dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and risk of ulcerative colitis, bleeding, obstruction, perforation, and infections which are treatable with loperamide (4 mg po + 2 mg every 2h) for 12 h. Hospitalization may be required in the case of severe dehydration or infections.