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Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
ESCs originate from the blastocyst stage and divide the tissue to become derivatives of germ layers, further leading to the formation of all types of cells. Transcription factors such as octamer-binding transcription factor-4 (OCT4)and SRY-related high-mobility group box protein-2 (SOX2) are responsible for the pluripotency and self-renewal nature. The blastocyst forms the inner and outer cell mass; the inner cell mass forms embryos and the external cell mass forms the placenta. Specific conditions are maintained in growing ESC lines to separate the cells from the inner cell layer of trophoblasts and transfer them to a culture dish (Bongso 2006). In 1998, Thomson isolated human ESCs and divided them into more than 200 categories of cells, which is promising for the treatment of various diseases, described in the next session of this chapter.
Ophthalmology
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Anophthalmia/microphthalmia may be seen in anophthalmia-oesophageal-genital syndrome (SOX2), pituitary abnormalities (OTX2), Matthew–Wood syndrome or PDAC syndrome (STRA6), oculofaciocardiodental syndrome (BCOR), Lenz microphthalmia syndrome (BCOR), MIDAS or MLS syndrome (HCCS), Waardengurg anophthalmia syndrome (SMOC1) and pituitary defects with brain and digital anomalies (BMP4).
Brain cancer
Published in Ruijiang Li, Lei Xing, Sandy Napel, Daniel L. Rubin, Radiomics and Radiogenomics, 2019
William D. Dunn, Rivka R. Colen
MicroRNAs are small molecules of non-coding RNA that function in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by binding to a specific sequence of a target gene.65 One interesting biomarker is the microRNA-21 and its gene target stemness regulator Sox2 axis.43 Based on the classification of glioblastoma into high miR-21/low Sox2 or low miR-21/high Sox2 sub-types, microRNA-21 and its target gene have been shown to significantly differentiate patients based on molecular, radiological, and survival characteristics.43
Stem signatures associating SOX2 antibody helps to define diagnosis and prognosis prediction with esophageal cancer
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Zi-Yang Peng, Qing-Shi Wang, Kai Li, Si-Si Chen, Xiang Li, Guo-Dong Xiao, Shou-Ching Tang, Hong Ren, Zhe Wang, Xin Sun
Stem cell potency-associated members were applied for expression identification using the CBIOPORTAL, and the profiled patterns of different studies are shown in Figure 2, which has emphasized a good concordance of the four members of PGP9.5, SOX2, TP53 and CAGE with the surface markers of cancer stem cells of either PROM1, CD44 or ALDH1A1. Overexpressed SOX2 did not result in survival differences in adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma (Figure 2(A,B)). SOX2 expression patterns were much similar in either squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, and its overexpression was significant (Figure 2(C,D)). SOX2 expression signatures in squamous and adenocarcinoma were screened, and the overexpressed SOX2 was frequently occurred in squamous esophageal carcinoma (Figure 2(E,F)), indicating its cancer-type-specific existence. The SOX2 expression level was higher in squamous esophageal carcinoma (Figure 2(G)), and the SOX2-associated Notch signalling was co-activated (Figure 2(H–K)), which strongly suggested the squamous esophageal carcinoma-specific SOX2 signature. We found significant differences of these genes between cases with alternations and those without alternations through screening the database, and also, the decreased case numbers and median months were shown (Figure S1(A–C)). We also found that they interacted as upstream and downstream molecules (Figure S1(E)).
Septo-optic dysplasia presenting with nystagmus, pseudo-disc edema, and fovea hypoplasia
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2022
Richard Sather ΙΙΙ, Dorothy Thompson, Jacqueline Ihinger, Sandra R. Montezuma
The incidence of SOD is 1 in 10,000 live births, with boys and girls affected equally (3). The etiology is unclear, though SOD has been associated with a younger maternal age and environmental factors may play a role (4). Some of these environmental risk factors that may contribute to malformations typical of SOD include drug consumption, viral infections, and maternal diabetes (4). The underlying genetic mechanisms are still being worked out, and common genetic abnormalities include common pathogenic gene variants in two genes: HESX1 and SOX2 (5). The HESX1 homeobox gene functions as a transcriptional repressor and is responsible for pituitary organogenesis (6). The SOX2 gene has been linked as a critical component in the proper development of the pituitary gland, forebrain, and eye during human embryogenesis (7). Other genes including SOX3 and OTX2 have also been identified in some cases of SOD (8).
The impact of chronic stress on the PFC transcriptome: a bioinformatic meta-analysis of publicly available RNA-sequencing datasets
Published in Stress, 2022
Sox2 was identified as a predicted upstream regulator of gene expression changes in susceptible mice. It is a conserved transcription factor with a significant role in neurodevelopment but also expressed in adulthood in a region- and cell-type specific manner; in astrocytes, deletion of the Sox2 gene induces resistance to the effects of traumatic brain injury in mice (Chen et al., 2019) while deletion in GABAergic neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the brain’s “internal clock,” results in increased anxiety-like behaviors and sex-specific effects on motivation (Boehler et al., 2021). Its functional role in the PFC and the stress-response remains undetermined. An important caveat with this discussion is that susceptibility was defined as reduced social interaction with a novel conspecific. But this could also be a manifestation of an adaptive, high-vigilance response developed as a protective strategy over the course of the social defeat protocol (Meshalkina & Kalueff, 2016). Examining the PFC transcriptional response in stressed mice with differing reward learning and processing abilities is one approach to be considered in future work to rule out this alternative explanation and more accurately discriminate between phenotypes (Gururajan et al., 2019).