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Plant-Based Essential Oils in The Treatment of Microbial Infections
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Hercília Maria Lins Rolim, Alessandra Braga Ribeiro, Monalisa de Alencar Lucena, Andressa Barros Ibiapina, Thais Cruz Ramalho
Belonging to the Leguminosae Juss. family (Fabaceae) and subfamily Caesalpinoideae Kunth, the genus Copaifera L. is widely distributed in the tropical regions of Latin America, and can also be found in Asia and Africa. However, it is in Brazil that the largest number of species of this genus occurs, mainly in the central regions and in the Amazon area (Junior et al. 2007; Furtado et al. 2018; Da Trindade et al. 2018). Plants of this genus are commonly called “copaíba”, “copaibeira” or “pau-de-óleo” (Arruda et al. 2019) and are traditionally used in popular medicine, mainly by the Amazonian people, in the treatment of cystitis, urinary incontinence, some respiratory diseases (bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis), in the treatment of skin and mucosal wounds, among others (Da Trindade et al. 2018). These uses are related to oil extracted from tree trunks, which are called oil-resin due the composition formed by resin acids (resin fraction) in diterpenes and sesquiterpenes (volatile fraction, which corresponds to most of the oil-resin mass). These oils have numerous biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic activities, among others responsible for their application in various treatments, as mentioned earlier (Kobayashi et al. 2011; Santos et al. 2012; Diefenbach et al. 2018).
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Of chemicals relevant for sensitization, a typical industrial treemoss absolute oil (which is also an extract) may contain approximately 0.36% atranol, 0.22% chloroatranol and 5–6% dehydroabietic acid and other resin acids (including the allergenic 7-oxodehydroabietic acid), but undetectable levels of atranorin and chloroatranorin, as these are easily degraded into atranol and chloroatranol (20). The resin acids are not only present in the wood debris from the host pine tree, but they also migrate into the lichen. These are selectively removed from treemoss extracts to lower their concentrations. The IFRA standard specifies that ‘treemoss extracts shall not contain more than 0.8% of dehydroabietic acid (DHA) as a marker of 2% of total resin acids. The concentration of DHA (about 40% of the total resin acids) in treemoss can be measured with an HPLC reverse phase-spectrofluorimetry method. Furthermore, levels of atranol and chloroatranol should each be below 100 ppm in treemoss extracts’ (www.ifraorg.org/en-us/standards-library).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Dragon’s blood consists of 56% resin alcohol dracoresinotannol — associated with benzoic and benzoylacetic acids; also, benzoyl acetic ester, dracorsene, dracoalban, and cinnamic acid.12,16 Abietic acid has been isolated from the resin acids. The principal pigment is dracocarmin, C31H26O5, an anthocyanadin, with another dracorubin, C28H24O7, also reported.1
Effect of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG laser tooth conditioning on the microleakage of self-adhesive resin cement
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2021
Azita Kaviani, Niloofar Khansari Nejad
Based on the results of the present study, the groups without conditioning exhibited the highest microleakage; however, the difference was significant only from the Er:YAG laser group. The self-adhesive resin cement used in the present study was Embrace Wetbond, which contains mono-, di-, and tri-functional methacrylate monomers and a resin acid integrating network that is activated in the presence of moisture, resulting in the simultaneous demineralization and penetration of the hydrophilic monomer into demineralized dentin. As illustrated in previous studies [31,32], one of the drawbacks of self-etch adhesives is a lack of complete penetration into the smear layer and dissolution of the smear plug. Therefore, a lack of the complete ability of the acid in changing the dentin substrate and preparing it for the penetration of the adhesive into dentin might be the reason for a possibly high mean microleakage in the group without preparation in the present study.
Arabian Primrose leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: their industrial and biomedical applications
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Shruti Nindawat, Veena Agrawal
The compounds identified through GC-MS analysis in the leaf extract are listed in Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary Figure 2. Some of the compounds have been reported to have high medicinal potential such as 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol which is a phenolic compound reported to have anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities [27]. Similarly, 2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid is reported to be fungicidal against several pathogenic sps. (Candida sp. and Aspergillus sp.) [28] and its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity have also been reported by Nieminen et al. [29]. Also, cis-Vaccenic acid is reported to have anti-inflammatory effects [30]. Guanosine is an intercellular messenger in the central nervous system and it has neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects [31]. Dehydroabietic acid is a naturally occurring diterpene resin acid mainly found in conifers and has anti-microbial, anti-ulcer, cardiovascular activities along with anti-aging effects [32]. Also, n-Hexadecanoic acid is reported to have anti-oxidant, hypocholestrolemic and anti-bacterial activities [33]. Ravi and Krishnan [34] explored the anti-cancer cytotoxic potential of hexadecanoic acid. Thus, the results revealed presence of high medicinal potential of the bioactive compounds found in A. hispidissima leaf extract.
Antimicrobial properties of rosin acids-loaded nanoparticles against antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Elisa Santovito, José das Neves, Donato Greco, Vito D’Ascanio, Bruno Sarmento, Antonio Francesco Logrieco, Giuseppina Avantaggiato
Coniferous trees secrete resin at the sites of mechanical injury to prevent the invasion of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, and to deter herbivorous animals. Rosin acids (RA) are mainly extracted from the resin of Pinus species. The purified resin (rosin) contains hydrophobic diterpene carboxylic acids, mainly abietic, dehydroabietic, neoabietic, isopimaric, levopimaric and palustric acids [1]. A number of in vitro tests demonstrated their efficacy as antimicrobials against a broad spectrum of microbes [2–4]. In clinical trials, rosin-based salves have been proven to enhance the healing of skin infections associated with wounds and ulcers [5,6]. Although the antimicrobial mechanism of action of RA have not been completely elucidated, whereas transmission and scanning electron microscopy and electron physiology studies showed that the exposure of Staphylococcus aureus to rosin affected wall thickness, cell aggregation, fatty acids structure and membrane potential [7]. As a result, the membrane loses its integrity leading to structural and functional disruptions that affect the energy metabolism and cell viability [7,8].