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Genetics
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
DNA transcription to RNA (nucleus)Initiation, elongation, termination (Figure 2.3).Mediated by RNA polymerase.Pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) matures to form mature mRNA (see Chapter 1).
Liposomes in the Delivery Of Antisense Oligonucleotides
Published in Danilo D. Lasic, LIPOSOMES in GENE DELIVERY, 2019
During RNA transcription the intron sequences are spliced out and the ligated exons are translated. In the early 1980s it was discovered that RNA cannot only self-splice (cis activity), but can also cleave other RNA in a sequence-specific manner (trans activity). These enzymatically active RNA molecules with catalytic activity were termed ribozymes (Cech, 1992). This was the first observation that enzymatic activity was not limited solely to proteins and had profound effects not only on our understanding of cell function but also on the models of the origin of life. Additionally, ribozymes, which may be called molecular scissors, may be effective agents to catalyze splicing of viral or oncogenic mRNA and can therefore be very useful therapeutics. They can be used in plant protection against viruses as well. Furthermore, they enable RNA genetic engineering (Symons, 1994).
Tin and The Aging Process
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, Tin as a Vital Nutrient:, 2019
It is fairly well recognized that the discussed hormones reprogram the DNA restriction in the chromatin of the target cell. The initial result is a change in the RNA transcription.40Thus gene activity is regulated. However, cellular membranes are also sites of activity.41 The net result is that hormones modify preformed polymeric chains.42
Assessment of adverse events associated with remdesivir use for coronavirus disease 2019 using real-world data
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Remdesivir, a monophosphoramidate nucleoside prodrug, was one of the most promising candidates identified against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on preclinical data and is the first antiviral to receive regulatory approval for treating COVID-19 [1]. It undergoes intracellular metabolic conversion to an active metabolite, remdesivir triphosphate, which interferes with the nsp12 polymerase, an RNA synthesis complex of nonstructural proteins, and terminates RNA synthesis. This premature termination of RNA transcription prevents the generation of new virions [2,3]. Before its recent approval and emergency use authorization (EUA) by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), remdesivir was considered an investigational drug and studied as a potential treatment for several diseases, in particular, as a possible treatment for the Ebola virus infection in 2014 [2].
The potential of circulating cell free RNA as a biomarker in cancer
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Ka Wan Emily Cheung, Sin-yu Rachel Choi, Lok Ting Claire Lee, Nga Lam Ella Lee, Hin Fung Tsang, Yin Tung Cheng, William Chi Shing Cho, Elaine Yue Ling Wong, Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
mRNAs are recognized as the protein-coding transcripts that hold information generated from DNA transcription inside the cell nucleus, which then undergo multiple processes, including 5ʹ methyl capping, splicing of intronic regions, and 3ʹ polyadenylation to achieve mRNA maturation [109]. Consequently, mRNAs reflect the state of genome and homeostatic state in cells. Under normal circumstances, mature mRNAs then travel through the nuclear pore to the cell cytoplasm for translation of proteins or are degraded by cellular mechanisms [109]. However, mRNAs have been detected in the circulation, which are thought to be associated with cell lysis through normal cell turnover or cellular excretion, of which the highly degradative ccfRNA molecules are believed to be packaged in order to avoid RNase degradation [110]. Although the detailed mechanisms of how RNAs enter the circulation, how they are stabilized and taken up by cells are currently unknown, ongoing research highly suggests that ccfRNAs can be potential cancer biomarkers [110].
Modeling association between multivariate correlated outcomes and high-dimensional sparse covariates: the adaptive SVS method
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2019
J. Pecanka, A. W. van der Vaart, M. A. Jonker
In this section we present the results of an eQTL analysis of the expression data generated by the Geuvadis RNA sequencing project for 1000 Genomes samples [14]. The goal is to identify a SNP-driven gene expression regulation process known as alternative splicing. About 94% of our genes are so called interrupted genes [26], which means that they consist of several regions of different functional type referred to as exons and introns. The number of exons in human genes varies between 1 and 363 and the average number of exons per gene is about 10 [21]. During DNA transcription the genetic code undergoes a process called splicing, when introns are removed while exons are preserved and transcribed into RNA (i.e. expressed). Crucially, however, not all exons are always expressed, which means that the same genetic code in a gene can lead to different RNA transcripts. This occurs when, during RNA transcription, different subsets of exons are expressed. This phenomenon when a single gene produces different RNA transcripts is called alternative splicing. Interestingly, different RNA transcripts do not have to result in differential protein expression.