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Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Autophagy is the natural body’s wisdom of detoxifying itself. When you improve autophagy, you are ameliorating inflammation and healing the body at the same time. In essence, when your body recycles and supports the process of apoptosis or getting rid of old or tired cells, the body’s protoplasm and cellular components are strengthened. Since the body is constantly trying to heal itself or achieve homeostasis in this increasingly toxic environment, it makes sense to support autophagy. You will be taking the old, tired, vulnerable, and infected cells out and recharging the body with new stronger cells.
C
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Cytoplasm [Greek: kytos, ce 11 or hollow + plasma, something molded] The part of the cell within the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. Term coined by Edouard Adolf Strasburger (1844–1912) in 1882. See cell, protoplasm.
Cell Biology
Published in C.S. Sureka, C. Armpilia, Radiation Biology for Medical Physicists, 2017
All the living cells have three basic parts. They are (1) cell (plasma) membrane, (2) cytoplasm with cell organelles, and (3) nucleus with DNA. The cytoplasm and the nucleus of a cell collectively termed as “protoplasm.” Generally, cells are divided into two types. They are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles. They have DNA, but they are not bound inside the nucleus, for example, bacterial cells. In contrast, eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex cells than prokaryotic cells. They have a true nucleus containing DNA as well as various other membrane-bound organelles, for example, plant and animal cells.
The roles of astrocyte in the brain pathologies following ischemic stroke
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
Linlin Sun, Yixuan Zhang, E Liu, Qingyi Ma, Manaenko Anatol, Hongbin Han, Junhao Yan
Astrocyte is a major component of glial cell and is also known to be responsible for the complex functions of human nervous system. First, the astrocytes are responsible for metabolic support, nutrition, regulation of ion and neurotransmitters, modulation of blood-brain barrier (BBB), and defence of the central nervous system. Second, astrocytes express various signal cascades and are capable of releasing large amounts of neurotransmitters through several regulatory pathways. The complex signalling mechanism may be involved in the advanced cognitive function of the brain (8). Morphologically, the astrocytes can be divided into two categories: protoplasmic astrocytes and fibrous astrocytes, although there is no functional difference between them (9). The fibrous astrocytes, with many long fibrous processes, are distributed throughout the white matter in brain. The protoplasmic astrocytes, with several stem branches in the processes, are mainly found in grey matter of brain. These two types of astrocytes can establish gap junctions between the distal processes (6,10).
English Translation of M. Bérard: Tumeur Embryonnaire Du Muscle Strié. [Embryonal Tumor of Striated Muscle]. Lyon Med 1894; 77: 52
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2019
R. Beverly Raney, Christophe Bergeron, David Parham
Sections were obtained from the most fibrous and the softest tissues after hardening in alcohol and then stained with picro-carmine. With slight enlargement the preparations showed the characteristic appearance of a sarcoma; clusters of cells with embryonal nuclei disseminated in an adjacent conjoined stroma; with vascular lacunae without the appearance of a mature vascular wall. But, with the 7X microscope objective, we recognized that the interpretation was more complex. According to M. Louis Bard, to whom these preparations had been submitted, we were seeing an embryonal tumor of striated muscle (skeletal muscle), or a malignant rhabdomyoma, with organized clots in the interior. These tumors, of which M. Bard has observed six or eight cases, are always very vascular, and one recognizes them by masses of immature nuclei which are colored vividly with picro-carmine, disseminated or piled up in mats of protoplasm without distinct cellular contours for each nucleus, such as one observes in the first stages of development of striated muscle.”
Mary Jane Hogue (1883–1962): A pioneer in human brain tissue culture
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2018
Steven J. Zottoli, Ernst-August Seyfarth
Hogue’s brain cells in adult cultures differed from those in fetal cultures in the following ways: (a) Cells and processes appeared later in adult cultures; (b) a halo of fine processes with the formation of “trees” around the fetal explants were seldom seen in the adult cultures; (c) few oligodendrocytes were found in adult as compared to fetal cultures; (d) protoplasmic astrocytes in adult cultures differed from those in fetal cultures; and (e) neurons of adult cultures had more granules with the occasional presence of pigment granules. The type of branching of processes was similar in fetal and adult cultures, facilitating identification of certain cell types as described in her fetal cultures (see above). As with her fetal cultures, Hogue acknowledged the difficulty in the identification of some brain cells. Nonetheless she described macrophages, microglia, oligodendroglia, two types of astrocytes, and neurons (including Purkinje cells) based primarily on criteria established from her studies on fetal cultures (Hogue, 1953). She was able to study identifiable cells as they moved and changed in shape with time-lapse photography (Hogue, 1953). Some examples of neurons identified in cultures of the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe and cerebellum are shown in Figure 3.