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Ion Beam Analysis: Analytical Applications
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Ion beams are used to analyse the elemental composition in many different fields (materials science, metallurgy, geology, biology, medicine, archaeology, art, etc.). The main techniques used are: Rutherford Backscattering (RBS), Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), Charged Particle Activation Analysis (CPAA) or Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), Secondary Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Particle Desorption Mass Spectrometry (PDMS) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) using synchrotron radiation.
Skin Absorption of Nickel and Methods to Quantify Penetration
Published in Jurij J. Hostýnek, Howard I. Maibach, Nickel and the Skin, 2019
Jurij J. Hostýnek, Katherine E. Reagan, Howard I. Maibach
The steep initial concentration gradient observed for all four nickel salts confirmed earlier observations of surface reservoir formation. In-depth intracellular diffusion of nickel ion through human SC occurs to a minimal degree, and only after considerable lag times of 50 to 90 h (Bennett, 1984; Fullerton et al., 1988; (Fullerton et al., 1986; Samitz and Katz, 1976). Such accumulation of nickel in the uppermost layers of the SC was also visualized using proton-induced x-ray emission (micro-PIXE) analysis. (Forslind et al., 1985; Malmqvist et al., 1987). These results allow us to reach the following conclusions: The counter ion in nickel salts plays a major role in their passive diffusion through the SC, suggestive of ion pairing.Since mass balance calculations documented that, particularly at higher concentrations (1%), up to 35% of the applied dose remained unaccounted for, the metal may choose the alternate, shunt pathway for diffusion to a significant degree, an observation also made using autoradiography or Micro-PIXE analysis (Bos et al., 1985; Lloyd, 1980; Odintsova, 1975). In this context it is important to note that by tape stripping of the SC, hair follicles are not removed, whereby significant amounts of the nickel applied may elude detection (Finlay and Marks, 1982; Finlay et al., 1982).
Principles and Problems of Cadmium Analysis
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Birger Lind
Irradiation with protons, proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE),1 is another method for the activation analysis of cadmium. Using this method several elements can be measured simultaneously. The main advantage of PIXE is its capability to detect and quantify cadmium in very small samples, such as thin slices of tissue which weigh less than 1 mg.26,43
Clearance, biodistribution, and neuromodulatory effects of aluminum-based adjuvants. Systematic review and meta-analysis: what do we learn from animal studies?
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
J.-D. Masson, L. Angrand, G. Badran, R. de Miguel, G. Crépeaux
Two kinds of ABA analyses have been performed: histological detection of Al or dosage of Al concentration levels. Histological detection has been performed in 9/31 studies and Al dosage in 14/31 studies (Figure 5). A large panel of methods was used for the two kinds of analyses. Histological localization of Al in tissues was performed by fluorescent stainings, such as Light green, Solochrome azurine, Aluminon, Morin, or Lumogallion, by fluorescent trackers, such as Al-nanodiamond complex, or by transmission electron microscopy and Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). Dosages of Al were performed by AMS, Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), or transverse heated Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF-AAS). Matrices, in which Al content is quantified, remain also highly diverse: muscle, bone, serum, liver, spleen, draining lymph nodes, lung, kidney, heart, and brain. Finally, no mass balance has been performed to estimate the output of Al and the percentage of partitioning in each tissue.
Organ burden of inhaled nanoceria in a 2-year low-dose exposure study: dump or depot?
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Jutta Tentschert, Peter Laux, Harald Jungnickel, Josephine Brunner, Irina Estrela-Lopis, Carolin Merker, Jan Meijer, Heinrich Ernst, Lan Ma-Hock, Jana Keller, Robert Landsiedel, Andreas Luch
Ion beam microscopy (IBM) was used as a tool to visualize and quantify chemical elements as well as NPs in cells in the ppm range (Baum et al. 2016; Carmona, Deves, and Ortega 2008; Collins et al. 2017; Govil 2001; Lichtenstein et al. 2017; Llop et al. 2014; Zhou et al. 2014). Seven micrometer thick, paraffin-embedded lung sections were de-paraffinized and embedded in DePeX for IBM analysis. IBM was performed at the Leipzig ion nanoprobe laboratory LIPSION using a 2.25 MeV proton beam with a spot size of approximately 1 µm. Under the vacuum of 10−6 Torr, IBM techniques, such as micro-resolved proton induced X-ray emission (µPIXE) and micro-resolved Rutherford backscattering (µRBS), were used simultaneously to study the spatial distribution of cellular elements as well as cerium in lung tissues. Extracted µRBS spectra from regions-of-interest (ROIs) were analyzed to determine accumulated charge, area density (atoms/cm2), and cell matrix element composition (C, N, O). These parameters were then used as input for µPIXE analysis by means of GeoPIXE software (CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, Australia) to quantify element concentrations in lung sections (for details see Meyer et al. 2019).
Nanocapsules for the co-delivery of selol and doxorubicin to breast adenocarcinoma 4T1 cells in vitro
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Rayane Ganassin, Carolin Merker, Mosar Corrêa Rodrigues, Nayara Felipe Guimarães, Carine Sampaio Cerqueira Sodré, Queila da Silva Ferreira, Sebastião William da Silva, Alicia Simalie Ombredane, Graziella Anselmo Joanitti, Karen Rapp Py-Daniel, Juan Zhang, Cheng-Shi Jiang, Paulo César de Morais, Ewa Mosiniewicz-Szablewska, Piotr Suchocki, João Paulo Figueiró Longo, Jan Meijer, Irina Estrela-Lopis, Ricardo Bentes de Azevedo, Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
4T1 cells were cultivated on superfibronectin coated 4 µm thick polypropylene foil and exposed to NCS-DOX particles (9 µg/mL DOX and 216 µg/mL Selol) for 6 h. Afterwards cells were washed with Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline and fixed with 100% methanol (−20 °C) for 15 min at 4 °C. Ion beam microscopy (IBM) were performed at the Leipzig ion nanoprobe laboratory LIPSION using a 2.25 MeV proton beam with a spot size of approximately 1 µm. Two-ion beam microscope techniques under high-vacuum conditions (10−6 Torr), the micro-proton induced X-ray emission (µPIXE) and the micro-Rutherford backscattering (µRBS), were simultaneously used to study the spatial distribution of cellular elements as well as selenium one. Extracted µRBS spectra from individual cells were analysed to determine accumulated charge, area density (atoms/cm2) and elemental matrix composition (C, N, O). These parameters were used as input for µPIXE analysis by means of GeoPIXE software (CSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering, Australia) to quantify element concentration within the cells.