China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Signaling between Embryo and Mother as a Basis for the Development of Tolerance
Published in Howard J.A. Carp, Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, 2020
Herein we focus on a peptide secreted from the earliest stages of gestation, preimplantation factor (PIF), which fulfills three fundamental requirements. First, it is only secreted by viable embryos and is only detected in the maternal circulation in viable pregnancies. Second, it has an essential role in pregnancy, through autocrine effects on the embryo and as a promoter of implantation and trophoblast invasion. Third, it regulates global maternal immune responses while preserving the antipathogen action. Evidence is emerging that PIF can also be effective in the treatment of pregnancy pathologies and preclinical and clinical nonpregnant immune disorders and transplantation.
Evaluation of embryo quality Analysis of morphology and physiology
Published in David K. Gardner, Ariel Weissman, Colin M. Howles, Zeev Shoham, Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, 2017
Denny Sakkas, David K. Gardner
A number of studies have also investigated the assessment of secreted factors in the embryo culture media (Figure 17.7) and correlated them with better embryo development and pregnancy rates. One such factor is soluble HLA-G (143, 144), which is believed to protect the developing embryo from destruction by the maternal immune response. Soluble HLA-G has been found in media surrounding the early embryo and a number of papers have also reported that its presence correlates with the improved pregnancy potential of an embryo (145–147). However, some studies have raised some serious concerns regarding the use of HLA-G production as a marker of further developmental potential (148–150), and prospective clinical trials are needed to further evaluate this parameter. Included in the studies examining the secretion of factors in the media by embryos are numerous papers examining the secretion of platelet-activating factor (PAF). The clinical utility of PAF in an IVF setting has also yet to be stringently examined (see review in [151]). Other factors are currently under investigation, including one called the preimplantation factor, which has been reported to provide some indication of embryo viability when measured and to possibly improve embryo quality when placed in embryo culture media (152). Numerous other candidates have also been postulated and tested, including human chorionic gonadotropin (153, 154) and interleukin-6 (155).
Long non coding RNA H19: An emerging therapeutic target in fibrosing diseases
Published in Autoimmunity, 2020
Juan Li, Long-Ting Cao, Hong-Hui Liu, Xiao-Dong Yin, Jing Wang
In recent years, studies on H19 and fibrosis has drawn people's attention. In addition to the above diseases, there are also reports on other fibrotic diseases. Tissue fibrosis is one of the characteristic pathological hallmarks of duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) [56]. Morgoulis et al, showed that muscle cells derived from DMD patients exhibited decreased expression of lncRNA H19 and miR-675 compared to healthy donor-derived cell. This study further proved that synthetic preimplantation factor (sPIF) promoted the differentiation of DMD myoblasts, increased utrophin expression via the H19/miRNA-675/let-7 pathway, and reduced muscle fibrosis possibly via the upregulation of miR-675 and inhibition of miR-21 expression [57]. In addition, to compared the expression of H19 in inflammatory tissue and mammary epithelial cells to that in normal cells. Using the immortalised mammary epithelial cell line mammary alveolar cell-T, Yang et al. found that H19 mediates mastitis-caused mammary fibrosis [39]. These findings enrich the understanding of the pathological mechanism of H19 in fibrosis (See Table 1 and Figure 2).