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Natural Products and Stem Cells and Their Commercial Aspects in Cosmetics
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Sonia Trehan, Rose Soskind, Jemima Moraes, Vinam Puri, Bozena Michniak-Kohn
Plant stem cells represent the ultimate origin of most of the food, air and fuels consumed by humans and therefore, may be the most important cells for our well-being (Greb and Lohmann, 2016). Plant stem cell systems are differentiated into primary and secondary meristems, primary being the ones established during embryogenesis and secondary being the ones established post-embryonically. The stem cell systems are also divided based on whether they are involved in longitudinal or lateral growth into root apical meristem, shoot apical meristem and cambium (Figure 14.1 ). Plant cell culture technology consists of several techniques to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in microbe- and pollution-free environments all year round with consistency (Morus et al., 2014). The basis of this technology involves inducing slight mechanical damage on the plant causing the callus to appear. The callus is a group of undifferentiated stem cells. According to Dal Toso and Melandri (2011) these cells can be cultivated in vitro to allow derivation of plant products even from endangered or rare species. It is also mentioned that plan cell culture technology is advantageous over conventional methods in terms of environmental sustainability while concluding that the technique possesses the potential to likely help provide unlimited sources of natural products.
Insights in nodule-inhabiting plant growth promoting bacteria and their ability to stimulate Vicia faba growth
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Amr M. Mowafy, Mona S. Agha, Samia A. Haroun, Mohamed A. Abbas, Mohamed Elbalkini
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation, which is positioned as a major part of biological nitrogen fixation, is an important alternative source of chemical nitrogen fertilizers not only for leguminous but also for non-leguminous plants. The interaction between legumes and rhizobia leads to root nodule organogenesis, an organ that is produced in response to bacterial nod factors and plant developmental signals leading to the formation of a plant stem cell niche [1]. Recently, rhizobia have been shown to improve the nutrition of non-leguminous crops, such as barley, wheat and canola [2]. It has been established that the legume nodule is exclusively inhabited by the rhizobium. Meanwhile, in 2001, this concept has changed dramatically when non-rhizobial strains were regarded for their ability to nodulate legumes, such as Methylobacterium and Burkholderia that have been isolated from Crotalaria [3] and Mimosa [4], respectively. In addition to nodule-inducing bacteria, several bacterial strains have been isolated from nodules as co-inhabitants with rhizobium, such as Klebsiella, Pseudomonas [5], Bacillus [6] and Streptomyces [7]. Interestingly, a review titled ‘the nodule microbiome: N2-fixing rhizobia do not live alone’ has been published in 2017 to conclude that some of these non-rhizobial bacteria might be nitrogen fixer or participate in nodule genesis and the others, more striking, might neither participate in nodulation nor fix nitrogen [8].