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Cancer and exercise
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
Tormod S. Nilsen, Pernille Hojman, Henning Wackerhage
Thirty years ago, the dogma was that cancer patients should rest and avoid physical exertion during their treatment. This dogma was first challenged in the work by Winningham and MacVicar (1988), who conducted the first clinical exercise study in women undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. The results showed that exercise was safe, feasible, and also associated with improvements in physical function and patient-reported symptomology (e.g. lower feeling of nausea amongst exercisers than control subjects). Since this pioneering study, a plethora of reports has demonstrated the safety and feasibility of exercise in cancer patients, and its capacity to improve treatment-related adverse effects during and following primary anti-cancer therapy. To exemplify this broad approach, the range of endpoints in the conducted exercise intervention trials in cancer patients is enormous. It includes direct physiological effects of the exercise training, such as; fitness levels, oxygen consumption, muscle mass and strength, across exercise-related outcomes such as functional capacity and body composition, to biological and psychosocial outcomes, including QoL and levels of fatigue, depression, anxiety, empowerment and self-esteem. No completed studies have yet been undertaken to address significant clinical outcomes like disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality. However, studies are currently being conducted to address these clinically important endpoints.
Critical care, neurology and analgesia
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
It must be emphasised that the administration of analgesic and sedative drugs is no substitute for the sympathetic handling of a patient and it is important to identify correctable causes of distress. Attention to simple factors may help provide comfort and non-pharmacological measures including massage, music, noise reduction, temporal orientation with natural lighting and visible clocks, may decrease the requirement for sedative agents. Promotion of a normal sleeping pattern is also important, with increasing evidence available demonstrating that even modest periods of sleep deprivation can have significant negative physiological effects.
History of high altitude medicine and physiology
Published in Andrew M. Luks, Philip N. Ainslie, Justin S. Lawley, Robert C. Roach, Tatum S. Simonson, Ward, Milledge and West's High Altitude Medicine and Physiology, 2021
Andrew M. Luks, Philip N. Ainslie, Justin S. Lawley, Robert C. Roach, Tatum S. Simonson
The French environmental physiologist Paul Bert (1833–86) is often cited as the father of modern high altitude physiology and medicine. The publication of his great book, La Pression Barométrique, in 1878 was certainly an important landmark. One of his principal findings was that the deleterious effects of exposure to low pressure could be attributed to the low PO2. He did this by exposing experimental animals to a low pressure of air on the one hand (hypobaric hypoxia), and to gas mixtures at normal pressure but with a low oxygen concentration (normobaric hypoxia) on the other. In this way, he showed that the critical variable was the PO2. La Pression Barométrique is essential reading for anybody with a serious interest in the history of high altitude medicine and physiology. For one thing, there is a long introductory section on the history as Bert saw it, and this makes fascinating reading today. Bert wrote with a charming style and urbane wit. The book not only deals with the medical and physiological effects of low pressure but high pressure as well.
What do we know about the renin angiotensin system and inflammatory bowel disease?
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Sheng Wei Lo, Jonathan P. Segal, John S. Lubel, Mayur Garg
Discovery of the renin angiotensin system began with the description of renin in 1898 by Tigerstedt and Bergman, culminated in the independent discovery and synthesis of a compound by two groups led by Menendez and Page, respectively, eventually named angiotensin in 1958 [1]. Progressively expanding knowledge of the RAS in recent years has revealed an increasingly complex interplay of multiple key enzymes and receptors. The classical or conventional pathway comprising angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II is now recognized as only one component of a vast array of pathways and physiological actions throughout the body. A summary of the major components can be seen in Figure 1, and the physiological effects are further detailed in Table 1.
The effects of psychosocial factors on occupational accidents: a cross-sectional study in the manufacturing industry in Turkey
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Süleyman Kocatepe, Zeki Parlak
While the United Nations 1992 report shows work stress as the disease of the 20th century, the WHO emphasizes that stress has become a worldwide epidemic. A study conducted in the USA reveals that approximately 40% of employees are faced with work stress, while the costs of work stress are increasing day by day in European countries [7]. Stress is defined as a state of tension that occurs when the physical and mental boundaries of the human body are threatened and forced [8]. Also, the stress caused by psychological and physiological effects depending on the nature of the work and capabilities or needs of the worker in the workplace is defined as job stress [7]. In the literature, work stress or occupational stress [9] is also used to describe a similar situation. This form of stress can lead to poor health and even injury [7] or accidents [6] at work.
Applying sport psychology in health professions education: A systematic review of performance mental skills training
Published in Medical Teacher, 2022
John Sandars, Liam Jenkins, Helen Church, Rakesh Patel, James Rumbold, Michelle Maden, Mumtaz Patel, Kevin Henshaw, Jeremy Brown
Health professionals are expected to maintain a high standard of performance during a wide variety of clinical situations. Some situations are experienced by the individual as being challenging and stressful, such as when managing cases with an acutely ill patient or performing surgery on a rapidly deteriorating patient. These clinical situations have high complexity and risk that is often combined with the additional pressures of time and multiple distractions (Krage et al. 2014; Anton and Stefanidis 2016). During these types of situations, individuals have high mental and physical arousal which can enhance their performance. However, often stress is provoked with a variety of inter-related cognitive and physiological effects, especially a feeling of loss of control and increased heartbeat and muscle tension. The impact of stress on clinical performance can be potentially significant, with impaired cognitive and motor function, which often leads to worse outcomes for both procedural clinical skills, such as suturing, and higher-level functions, such as decision-making, emotional control, and effective interpersonal communication (Arora et al. 2010). Individuals may develop their own approach to manage their stress in challenging clinical situations, but often their chosen techniques are inconsistently implemented or ineffective (Anton and Stefanidis 2016).