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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Chlorophylls are unique pigments with green color and are found in the chloroplasts of diverse plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (15). Chlorophyll is a chelate made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms along with a magnesium metal ion in the central position. The whole chemical structure of chlorophyll is a porphyrin (6, 15). The porphyrin of chlorophyll contains four pyrrole-like rings (tetrapyrrole ring) bonded to a magnesium ion via their four nitrogen atoms in a square planar arrangement. Porphyrin structures of chlorophyll molecules are similar to those of hemoglobin and myoglobin in humans and of vitamin B12. The main difference is the presence of an iron ion in the central position of hemoglobin and myoglobin structures, and of a cobalt ion in vitamin B12 (6, 15). The numbers of naturally occurring chlorophylls may not yet be fully known. However, five classes of chlorophylls are well-known, namely a, b, c, d, and f (15). Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main components of photosystems in all photosynthetic organisms (6–7, 15–16). In green plants, most chloroplasts have three times more chlorophyll a than b (7). The green chlorophyll pigments are the source of magnesium, an essential mineral of human cell activity after calcium. Indeed, the consumption of green vegetables containing chlorophylls is indispensable for our health maintenance and for the prevention of some chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases due to their antioxidant activity.
Aquatic Plants Native to America
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Bianca D. Fibrich, Jacqueline Maphutha, Carel B. Oosthuizen, Danielle Twilley, Khan-Van Ho, Chung-Ho Lin, Leszek P. Vincent, T. N. Shilpa, N. P. Deepika, B. Duraiswamy, S. P. Dhanabal, Suresh M. Kumar, Namrita Lall
According to the NCBI database, about 203 genes have been sequenced including clone marker sequences, chloroplast atpB gene, internal transcribed spacer partial sequences, RNA polymerase C genes, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase genes, MatK genes, ATP synthase genes, cytochrome b6 (petB) genes. (Accession: HQ181413.1) and photosystem I subunits. A summary of the genes is provided in Table 4.14.
Role of Nutraceuticals in Risk of Miscarriage and Related Outcomes
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Param Patel, Parth Amin, Sujan Patel, Yashwant Pathak
Nutraceuticals undoubtedly play a vital role for humans as they provide the proper nutritional components needed for survival. They also, however, impact other living things in nature such as other animals and plants. Of the many nutraceuticals, carotenoids are of particular interest as they are widely used. They help with animal behaviour changes, survival abilities, and reproduction. Along with that, carotenoids also provide plants the ability to assemble photosystems and capture light [13] (Table 6.3).
Influence of abiotic conditions on the biofouling formation of flagellated microalgae culture
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Lucía García-Abad, Lorenzo López-Rosales, María del Carmen Cerón-García, Marta Fernández-García, Francisco García-Camacho, Emilio Molina-Grima
In addition, the photosynthetic efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm) for the freely suspended cells in the culture was monitored to gauge the ‘health condition’ of the cells. A decrease in this parameter could indicate thermal and light stress, or be due to a lack (or excess) of nutrients, among other things (Parkhill et al. 2001). To measure photosynthetic efficiency, a fluorimeter (PAM-2500 chlorophyll fluorimeter, Heinz Walz GmbH) was used along with the methodology described by López-Rosales et al. (2014). One millilitre from each vessel was taken every two days to measure the biomass concentration and photosynthetic efficiency in triplicate. Each sample was analysed individually, thus, the data for each condition were reported as the mean value (n = 6) ± the standard deviation.
Erythema multiforme following exposure to the herbicide atrazine
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Madeline Frizzell, Nhan M. Nguyen, Sonal A. Parikh, Maya Sinai, Leonard Goldberg
Atrazine is a triazine drug, belonging to a class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. It works by binding to plastoquinone-binding protein in photosystem II, a protein that animals lack, and thereby inhibiting the electron transport process.9 The plant dies as a result of photosynthesis inhibition.9 A study to assess the percutaneous absorption of atrazine in human skin found that 16.4% of the applied dose was absorbed, indicating its permeability potential.10 Many anticonvulsants also contain aromatic amine structures like atrazine and are well-known causes of erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Lamotrigine, phenytoin, and carbamazepine all contain aromatic amine groups, which have been more commonly related than others to the development of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.11 However, the relationship between the aromatic amine structure and the development of these hypersensitivity disorders is not understood.11
Characterization of planktonic and biofilm cells from two filamentous cyanobacteria using a shotgun proteomic approach
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Maria João Leal Romeu, Dany Domínguez-Pérez, Daniela Almeida, João Morais, Alexandre Campos, Vítor Vasconcelos, Filipe J. M. Mergulhão
Proteins related to photosystems I and II and with allophycocyanin were found in three of the four biofilm condition groups (Table 1 in dark grey shading). The specific conditions in which these proteins were identified can be found in the Supplementary material, SM5. Photosystem I (PS I, plastocyaninferredoxin oxidoreductase) and photosystem II (PS II, waterplastoquinone oxidoreductase) are multisubunit protein complexes located in the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria, algae and higher plants (Nelson and Yocum 2006). Although in the present study the PsaF protein was only identified in biofilms of both the cyanobacterial strains formed at 40 s−1 (Table 1), this protein is also related to photosystems (Photosystem I subunit III). A study performed by Huang et al. (2002) also identified proteins related to photosystems in the plasma membrane of Synechocystis PCC 6803. A proteomic study with different strains of M. aeruginosa showed that the majority of proteins shared among all strains were involved in photosynthesis and respiration (Alexova et al. 2011). Thus, the distribution of protein identification obtained in the present study is typical for cyanobacteria.