China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Oral Health
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Ana Moura Teles, José Manuel Cabeda
Among primary and secondary dentitions as well as in root surface caries, there are significant differences in the oral microbiome’s composition. In the first one, not surprisingly, S. mutans was typically detected at high levels (Becker et al. 2002). Other species like Actinomycesgerencseriae, Scardoviawiggsiae, Veillonella, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus parasanguinis, and Lactobacillus fermentum were found in the secondary dentition. The root surface, unlike the dental crown, is not covered by enamel. It was found that the predominant taxa included Actinomyces species, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus faecalis, Mitsuokella sp. HOT131, Atopobium and Olsenella species, Prevotella multisaccharivorax, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, and Propionibacterium acidifaciens, although S. mutans was also present with these kind of caries (Preza et al. 2008).
Completion of the gut microbial epi-bile acid pathway
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Heidi L. Doden, Patricia G. Wolf, H. Rex Gaskins, Karthik Anantharaman, João M. P. Alves, Jason M. Ridlon
Phylogenetic analysis of Cp12β-HSDH coupled with synthetic biological “sampling” and validation at different points along the branches revealed shared 12β-HSDH function among Eisenbergiella sp. OF01-20 and Olsenella sp. GAM18, lending functional credibility to sequences throughout the subtree (Figure 5; Table 2). Eisenbergiella sp. OF01-20 was originally sequenced from a human gut microbiota cultivation project (Integrated Microbial Genomes [IMG] Genome ID: 2840324701). Eisenbergiella spp. are often present at relative abundances of less than 0.1% in human fecal samples.56,57Olsenella sp. GAM18 was initially isolated from humans (IMG Genome ID: 2841219092). The relative abundance of Olsenella was shown to be about 2% within the gut microbiome of some individuals.58 Our subtree includes more abundant gut taxa such as Ruminococcus (relative abundance ~5%)59,60 and Collinsella (relative abundance ~8%),59 as well. Due to limitations in 16S rDNA sequencing depth, it is difficult to conclude if the species in our subtree are found at relevant levels in the human gut or if 12β-HSDH genes are present. Therefore, we performed a HMM search to assess the relative prevalence of 12β-HSDH genes. About 30% of subjects had putative 12β-HSDH genes, indicating the relevance of this gene in the human gut microbiome. The HMM search revealed that 220 microbial genomes out of 16,936 total contained putative 12β-HSDH genes. While concrete prevalence is difficult to establish, putative 12β-HSDH genes are less widespread than the ubiquitous bile-acid metabolizing gene, bile salt hydrolase,4 which was present in 2,456/16,936 total genomes in these cohorts. These data expand the limited metagenomic work that has focused on bile acid HSDH genes in the human gut.61
Diversity of site-specific microbes of occlusal and proximal lesions in severe- early childhood caries (S-ECC)
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Kausar Sadia Fakhruddin, Lakshman Perera Samaranayake, Rifat Akram Hamoudi, Hien Chi Ngo, Hiroshi Egusa
Atopobium parvulum, belonging to phylum Actinobacteria, was the most significantly abundant resident of the occlusal in comparison to proximal cavities (p = 0.01). In terms of the minor abundance species, Olsenella genomosp. and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, belonging to phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the occlusal, in comparison to the proximal niche.
A mouthwash formulated with o-cymen-5-ol and zinc chloride specifically targets potential pathogens without impairing the native oral microbiome in healthy individuals
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Javier Pascual, Javier Mira Otal, Daniel Torrent-Silla, Manuel Porcar, Cristina Vilanova, Fernando Vivancos Cuadras
The subgingival microbiome of the volunteers at T0 comprised 12 bacterial phyla, the most abundant being Firmicutes followed by Proteobacteria, Fusobacteriota, Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota (Fig. S5). This taxonomic structure is comparable to other healthy oral microbiomes previously reported [44–47]. Only one of these 12 phyla, Fusobacteriota, showed significant differences after 14 days, being less present in the mouthwash group after treatment (Figure 3) (Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data; p-value < 0.05). This phylum has been found to be increased in patients with periodontitis [48], and includes some potential oral pathogen genera such as Fusobacterium and Leptotrichia. At the genus level, the most abundant taxa were Streptococcus, followed by Haemophilus, Veillonella, Gemella, Leptotrichia and Fusobacterium (Figure 3). Some bacterial genera showed different relative abundances after treatment (Wilcoxon test; p-value < 0.05; Table S3), with these differences being treatment-specific. The relative abundances of some bacteria related to oral pathologies and halitosis (i.e. Tannerella, Actinomyces, Granulicatella, Abiotrophia, Lautropia and Lachnoanaerobaculum) decreased in the mouthwash-treated group, in contrast to the placebo group (Figure 4a). Similarly, other oral pathogenic bacteria such as Eubacterium (nodatum group) and Absconditabacteriales (SR1) increased their relative abundance in the placebo group throughout the course of treatment (Figure 4b), while remaining constant in the mouthwash group. Therefore, our results demonstrated that the mouthwash formulated with the mix o-cymen-5-ol/zinc salt can control the overgrowth of some pathobiont bacteria [49] and the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms involved in oral and systemic diseases [1]. Other oral pathogens, i.e. Treponema or Porphyromonas, did not seem to be significantly inhibited by the use of the mouthwash. A decrease in the relative abundance of the genera Aggregatibacter, Neisseria and Olsenella was reported in the placebo group, whereas they remained constant in the mouthwash group (Table S3). This finding suggests that the targeted reduction of these genera in the control group may be due to multifactorial ecological interactions between members of the community. Further studies with symptomatic volunteers would be needed to test if the mouthwash also target these bacterial genera associated with gum diseases and tooth decay.