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Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Varsha Rana, Dey Parama, Sosmitha Girisa, Choudhary Harsha, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
During oxidative stress, the Nrf2/antioxidant responsive element (ARE) pathway also gets activated, which initiates the transcription of several ARE-driven detoxification and antioxidant genes (Rushmore et al., 1991; Lee et al., 2005). The activation of Nrf2 enhances the production of GSH in the astrocytes and neurons, which confers protection against oxidative stress (Dringen et al., 2000). As a result, Nrf2 is often activated in aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s (Liddell, 2017). Under normal conditions, the endogenous antioxidant defense system regulates ROS generation from mitochondria, NOX, and xanthine oxidase (Zuo et al., 2015). However, during oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, or mitochondrial dysfunction, the antioxidant response might be insufficient to ameliorate the redox imbalance (Liguori et al., 2018).
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Several compounds from kava have been shown to exert antioxidant effects. The flavokawains A and B, stimulated Nrf2 in cultured human hepatocytes. Nrf2, in turn, induces activity of a variety of antioxidant enzymes. Both flavokawains protected liver cells from the oxidative damage of H2O2. However, flavokawains B had mild hepatotoxic effects that reduced those protective effects.5 Flavokawains A and yangonin each showed significant DPPH radical scavenging capacity in vitro.6
Need for Specialized Interest in Food and Nutrition in Palliative Care
Published in Victor R. Preedy, Handbook of Nutrition and Diet in Palliative Care, 2019
What makes the study of epigenetic changes so important and exciting is that they can be reversed with even simple lifestyle changes, including the right diet (Feinberg, 2008). For example, garlic, turmeric, broccoli, tomatoes and green tea contain a variety of active dietary photochemicals that influence the release of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2). Nrf2 is a “master gene” product that co-ordinates the activation of a number of antioxidant genes that maintain or restore the activity of normal cells and promote apoptosis of malignant cells (Gopalakrishnan and Tony Kong, 2008). The activation of Nrf2 by these nutrients promises to result in powerful beneficial effects that invite further study. This limited description, hopefully, provides an indication as to why some investigators think that epigenetics may, in the future, play a greater role in health and disease than genetics currently does. How this knowledge can help patients with advanced disease, needs to be tested.
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside protects intestinal epithelial cells from palmitate-induced lipotoxicity
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Romina Bashllari, Maria Sofia Molonia, Claudia Muscarà, Antonio Speciale, Peter J. Wilde, Antonella Saija, Francesco Cimino
For many years the protective effects of anthocyanins were attributed to their antioxidant activity. Recently, some studies revealed a specific mechanism that could be associated mainly to their capability to elicit cell adaptive responses involving the transcription factor Nrf2 (Speciale et al. 2018). Nrf2 is expressed in various tissues, particularly in those involved in detoxification (liver and kidneys) and exposed to the external environment, such as skin, lungs, and the gastrointestinal tract (Ahmed et al. 2017). The function of Nrf2 and its target genes has been shown to be important for the protection against oxidative stress- or chemical-induced cellular damage. In addition, Nrf2 pathway plays a regulatory role in many areas of inflammation, so that Nrf2-dependent anti-inflammatory agents are important for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (Ahmed et al. 2017).
Moringa seed-supplemented diets modulate ACE activity but not its gene expression in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Ganiyu Oboh, Odunayo O. Oluokun, Sunday I. Oyeleye, Opeyemi B. Ogunsuyi
Antioxidant enzymes such GST, CAT, SOD, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are regulated by Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) (He et al.2020). Nrf2 regulates the action of oxidants by regulating the expression of the genes that code for these enzymes which are relevant in antioxidant response to regulate the effect of cellular exposure to oxidants. Hence, the homeostasis of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) is affected (Ma 2013). This study shows there is a significant reduction in the Nrf2 gene expression of normotensive rats fed the samples (concentration-dependent). At 10% dietary inclusion, the Nrf2 gene expression in the normotensive rat is suppressed which will result in the reduction of antioxidant production. This could be in response to reduced free radical production as a result of the antioxidant properties of the seed. This could be attested to by the fact that the significant downregulation in Nrf2 expression in the hypertensive group was counteracted in the hypertensive rat group fed diets supplemented with moringa seeds. Consequently, this could be associated with the increase in the activity of CAT, SOD, and GST recorded in the L-NAME-induced rats fed diets supplemented with the seed. This is more so as a direct relationship between the Nrf2 gene and the enzymatic antioxidant gene expression has been established (Ma 2013).
Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the Nrf2 signaling pathway in skin cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Alena Ryšavá, Jitka Vostálová, Alena Rajnochová Svobodová
Pharmacological activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor seems to be an efficient strategy for suppressing OS associated with massive ROS generation in various tissues and organs, including the skin. Currently, more than 200 compounds have been reported to activate the Nrf2 protein in diverse cell types and stimulate its target genes expression (Victor et al. 2020). The activators include synthetic compounds as well as natural molecules commonly occurring in plants or food. To date, the most potent known Nrf2 activators are the semi-synthetic cyanoenone triterpenoids, designed from the natural product oleanolic acid (Dayalan Naidu and Dinkova-Kostova 2020). The best described natural Nrf2 activator is sulforaphane (Briones-Herrera et al. 2018; Cuadrado et al. 2019). Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate is marketed as a treatment for melanoma, the skin disorder psoriasis and some chronic inflammatory diseases, with the others under pre- or clinical trials for the treatment of the same (Cuadrado et al. 2019).