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Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Niosomes are microscopic lamellar structures made from non-ionic surfactant of the alkyl or dialkyl polyglycerol ether class and cholesterol with subsequent hydration in aqueous media. Ruckmani et al. (2010) studied the tissue distribution, pharmacokinetics, and stability studies of AZT delivered by niosomes and found the distribution of AZT in lungs, kidney, heart, liver, and spleen of mice after intravenous bolus injection. Zidan et al. (2011) studied a novel pediatric anti-HIV tenofovir niosomes with a high-pressure homogeniser and performed its characterisation of various parameters, such as vesicular sizing parameters, electrical properties, drug entrapment data, and drug-release characteristics. They found that the release of the drug was more affected by the compositional factors rather than the physical factors (Zidan et al. 2011).
Ursolic Acid: A Pentacyclic Triterpene from Plants in Nanomedicine
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Monalisha Sen Gupta, Md. Adil Shaharyar, Mahfoozur Rahman, Kumar Anand, Imran Kazmi, Muhammad Afzal, Sanmoy Karmakar
Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles having similar structures and properties to liposomes (Jamal et al., 2015). A recent report on UA encapsulated in pseudo-niosomes prepared vesicles using the film hydration technique which composed of Span 60, cholesterol, and phospholipids, the diameter of the resulted product is 665.45 nm and entrapment efficiency is 92.7%. Vesicles were then incorporated into a standard gel for use as a potential arthritis treatment (Wang et al., 2015), (Figure 4.9).
Lipid Nanocarriers for Oligonucleotide Delivery to the Brain
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Andreia F. Jorge, Santiago Grijalvo, Alberto Pais, Ramón Eritja
Niosomes are another important class of vesicular systems similar to liposomes in which the phospholipids are substituted by non-ionic surfactants. This simple variation not only reduces the cost of production and potential toxicity but also increases the storage stability. A complete description of niosomes, including their methods of preparation, drug administration routes and applications, is well detailed in good reviews [136]. Recently, a cationic niosome formulation was prepared based on mixing DOTMA, non-ionic surfactant Polysorbate 60 and Lycopene, a natural carotenoid with antioxidant properties, via reverse-phase emulsification evaporation for delivering nucleic acids into the brain [137]. Experiments with niosomes encapsulating the pCMS conjugated to enhanced green fluorescent protein (pCMS-EGFP) plasmid revealed transfection efficiencies of ~17% without cytotoxic effects. In vivo experiments performed by direct intracranial administration revealed good capacity of niosomes to transfect neuroglia and cells in blood vessel walls.
Formulation of novel niosomal repaglinide chewable tablets using coprocessed excipients: in vitro characterization, optimization and enhanced hypoglycemic activity in rats
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Shahinaze A. Fouad, Mahmoud H. Teaima, Mostafa I. Gebril, Fathy I. Abd Allah, Mohamed A. El-Nabarawi, Sammar Fathy Elhabal
Niosomes are nonionic surfactant vesicles that can accommodate active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) having widely variable solubility. They have been employed as promising carriers for hydrophilic, lipophilic and amphiphilic drug types. Being nonionic, they are considered nontoxic drug delivery vehicles. They also acquire high chemical stability (Tangri & Khurana, 2011). Niosomes showed their successful applicability to encapsulate various types of active pharmaceutical ingredients (Yadav et al., 2011; Rehab et al., 2021). These include; methotrexate (Azmin et al., 1986), indomethacin (Namdeo et al., 1999) and diclofenac sodium (Naresh et al., 1994). Moreover, niosomes can provide a sustained or extended action for APIs having decreased water solubility and short half-life; as RPG, via encapsulation (Yadav et al., 2011). Extended action allows a consistent form of treatment, especially for chronic diseases such as; DM (type II). As a result, niosomes can provide enhanced patient compliance due to reduced dosing frequency. Several studies showed successful encapsulation of drugs having poor water solubility such as; valsartan (Gurrapu et al., 2012), lornoxicam (Bini et al., 2012), diacerein (Khan et al., 2016) and griseofulvin (Jadon et al., 2009).
Co-delivery of amphotericin B and pentamidine loaded niosomal gel for the treatment of Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Adnan Anjum, Kanwal Shabbir, Fakhar Ud Din, Shumaila Shafique, Syed Saoud Zaidi, Ali H Almari, Taha Alqahtani, Aleena Maryiam, Muhammad Moneeb Khan, Adel Al Fatease, Sidra Bashir, Gul Majid Khan
Niosomes, usually composed of lipids, nonionic surfactants and drug which are biodegradable and safe for use in biomedicine (Wagh & Deshmukh, 2010; Bartelds et al., 2018). Different methods are used for the preparation of niosomes including, ether injection method (Chen et al., 2019), reverse phase evaporation method (Thabet et al., 2022), sonication (Ge et al., 2019) method and thin film hydration method (Bhardwaj et al., 2020). Among all methods, thin film hydration is an efficient and easy approach which is frequently used to produce niosomes. They are highly appraised topically used drug delivery systems, as they improve drug residence time at SC and epidermal layers of skin and minimizes the systemic availability of drug, leading to improved biopharmaceutical performance of the incorporated drugs (Shirsand et al., 2012). Membrane rigidity in niosomes is achieved by use of appropriate amount of cholesterol. Niosomes are formed by assembling of nonionic surfactants. A number of advantages of niosomes are reported over liposomes including better stability and longer shelf life. Moreover, they are less toxic and their surface can be modified easily via the functional groups (Chen et al., 2019). Numerous studies have found that the presence of hydrophilic, amphiphilic, and lipophilic moieties in the structure of niosomes makes them one of the best drug delivery systems among all carriers because they can accommodate drug molecules with a wide range of solubility (Khatoon et al., 2017; Bahraminejad et al., 2022).
Exploring the use of niosomes in cosmetics for efficient dermal drug delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Rana Abu-Huwaij, Adian Alkarawi, Dima Salman, Furqan Alkarawi
While niosomes offer many advantages for drug delivery, there are also some limitations that need to be considered including batch-to-batch variability, instability under certain conditions, and potential toxicity associated with the use of certain surfactants. The preparation of niosomes can be complex and the quality of the niosomes can be affected by various factors such as the type and concentration of surfactants used, temperature, and pH (Alhassan et al. 2017). The size of niosomes can be variable which can affect their stability and drug entrapment efficiency (Ali et al. 2017). In addition, encapsulation efficiency of drugs in niosomes can be reduced compared to liposomes, due to the presence of non-ionic surfactants in the bilayer (Alqahtani 2017), and the solubility of drugs in niosomes is limited and some drugs may not be suitable for niosomal drug delivery (Ali et al. 2017). Moreover, in vitro-in vivo discrepancy can be obvious that need further research to fully understand their behavior in vivo (Alqahtani 2017). Furthermore, the type and concentration of surfactants used in niosome preparation, as well as the type and dose of the drug being delivered, can affect the toxicity of niosomes. Some surfactants have been shown to have toxic effects, particularly when used at high concentrations. Additionally, the encapsulation of drugs in niosomes can alter their pharmacokinetics and increase their toxicity (Zarei et al. 2020).