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Published in John D Firth, Professor Ian Gilmore, MRCP Part 2 Self-Assessment, 2018
John D Firth, Professor Ian Gilmore
A quick way to size an NPA is to choose one with an external diameter similar to the patient’s little finger. NPAs are contraindicated in base of skull fractures. If there is a nasal fracture, the most patent nostril should be chosen. NPAs are generally better tolerated than OPAs and can be used in patients where the laryngeal reflexes are preserved.
Neurobiology of Mood Disorders
Published in Dr. Ather Muneer, Mood Disorders, 2018
BD is also related to increased dendritic loss and neuronal death. On the other hand, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective proteins like Bcl-2 are robustly induced by mood stabilizing medications. Intriguingly, mice with forebrain-specific mitochondrial DNA mutations have behaviors that resemble human mania including altered circadian rhythms. The mitochondria supply most of the cell’s ATP and are involved in controlling the redox state of the cell. Nicotinamide cofactors NADPH/NADP+ and NADH/NAD+ have recently been identified as essential partners of CLOCK, NPAS2 and SIRT1, providing a direct link between the redox state of the cell and circadian rhythms.39 Moreover, CLOCK/BMAL1 directly regulate the expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in a circadian fashion which then determines the availability of NAD+ in the cell over 24 hours.
A brief history of physical literacy in Australia
Published in Margaret Whitehead, Physical Literacy across the World, 2019
Richard Keegan, Dean Dudley, Lisa Barnett
In 2012, the Australian Capital Territory Department of Sport and Recreation commissioned a report from staff at the University of Canberra, looking to clarify current thinking regarding physical literacy, as well as summarising existing physical literacy programmes around the world. Published in 2013, the resulting document was titled Getting Australia Moving: Establishing a Physically Literate and Active Nation (GAME PLAN) (Keegan et al., 2013). With the agreement of the state government, the report was made public via the university’s website, and was quickly picked up across Australia and globally. At the time, the report offered a descriptive overview of current thinking and practices, but perhaps equally as important it made the economic case for promoting physical activity and physical literacy, specifically by presenting contemporary analyses suggesting that physical inactivity poses a significant economic burden – even when separated out from obesity and smoking (e.g. Ding et al., 2016). Using Australian data, it was also clear that Australians, like their contemporaries in the United States and the UK, were living sedentary lives. At the time of writing, 54% of the Australian adult population were not getting enough physical activity to remain healthy (NPAS, 2000), and 36% of the adults sampled by the Australian Board of Statistics (ABS) in 2008 had been totally sedentary in the previous two weeks – an increase from 32% in 2001 (ABS, 2011). In the most recent statistics, less than one-third of Australian children (30%) aged 2–17 meet the physical activity guidelines, and only one in three (35%) aged 5–12 meet the sedentary screen-based behaviour guidelines (AIHW, 2018). The resulting message might be summarised as: ‘Everybody else is doing it, we’re being left behind, and it’s costing us financially’, which predictably led to a number of key stakeholders – in government and industry – taking note.
Nutrigenomics in Parkinson’s disease: diversity of modulatory actions of polyphenols on epigenetic effects induced by toxins
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Moara Rodrigues-Costa, Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes, Gabriela Carvalho Jurema-Santos, Lílian Vanessa da Penha Gonçalves, Belmira Lara da Silveira Andrade-da-Costa
DNA methylation has been described as well in genes associated with atypical forms of the disease, such as the NPAS2 (Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 2) and CYP2E1 (Cytochrome P450 2E1).35,44 Hypomethylation of the ‘clock gene’ NPAS2, has been related to the sleep disturbances reported by some PD patients.35 DNA hypomethylation and increased mRNA expression of the CYP2E1 gene may contribute to increased susceptibility to neurotoxic insults. This is because CYP2E1 activity induces oxidative stress in the substantia nigra and the formation of toxic metabolites to dopaminergic neurons.44 In addition, epigenomic analysis studies have enabled identification of more than 30 differentially methylated genes in brain and blood samples from PD patients.45 These changes in DNA methylation profile have been observed in both nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA),37 reinforcing the involvement of post-translational mechanisms in PD pathogenesis.
Exploring the role of circadian clock gene and association with cancer pathophysiology
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Mahtab Keshvari, Mahdieh Nejadtaghi, Farnaz Hosseini-Beheshti, Ali Rastqar, Niraj Patel
Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) also known as a member of PAS protein 4 (MOP4) is a transcription factor protein that in humans is encoded by the NPAS2 gene (Yuan et al. 2014). NPAS2 is paralogous to CLOCK, and both are critical proteins involved in the maintenance of circadian rhythms in mammals (DeBruyne et al. 2007). In the brain, NPAS2 functions as a generator and maintainer of mammalian circadian rhythms. More specifically, NPAS2 is an activator of transcription and translation of core clock and clock-controlled genes through its role in a negative feedback loop in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain region responsible for the control of circadian rhythms (Debruyne 2008). The NPAS2 protein is a member of the bHLH-PAS transcription factor family and is expressed in the SCN. NPAS2 is a PAS domain-containing protein, which binds other proteins via their protein-protein (PAS) binding domains. Like its paralogue, CLOCK (another PAS domain-containing protein), the NPAS2 protein can dimerize with the BMAL1 protein and engage in a TTFL to activate transcription of the mammalian PER and CRY core clock genes (Debruyne 2008). NPAS2 has been shown to form a heterodimer with BMAL1 in both the brain and in cell lines, suggesting its similarity in function to the CLOCK protein in this TTFL.
Circadian disruption in lung cancer
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Nidhi Nagariya, Kaushal Chaudhari, Vihas T. Vasu
NPAS2, a potential tumor suppressor (Hoffman et al. 2008; Yuan et al. 2017), was found to be considerably downregulated in head and neck squamous cell cancers; however, it was found to be significantly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma (Ye et al. 2018). This means that circadian genes have different functions in different types of cancer (Gong et al. 2017; Han et al. 2015; Xiang et al. 2018b).