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Detection of Metastatic Tumor Cells in Bone Marrow
Published in Adrian P. Gee, BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
Neuroblastoma is a tumor with stable antigen expression; consequently, immunologic methods have been relatively easy to develop for the detection of marrow metastases. One of the most important of these antigens is GD2, which is a tumor-specific ganglioside found on the surface of greater than 90% of neuroblastoma cell populations.14,17 Antibodies to this antigen have been useful for identification of marrow metastases, marrow purging, and in vivo therapy.14,17,43–46 Another predominant antigen is the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which is expressed by most neuroblasts, and binds to antibodies that are also used for detection and purging.46,47 Other important antigens include those expressed by fetal brain (459, HSAN, UJ13A, and UJ167.11).14,16,21 Antibodies that bind to cytoplasmic antigens have not played an extensive role in tumor detection for neuroblastoma. The only one is an antibody that binds to neuron-specific enolase. This enzyme is found in many neuronal cells and is expressed by greater than 90% of neuroblastoma cells.25 The disadvantages of using this antibody are cross-reactivity with megakaryocytes and the inability to distinguish single tumor cells on immunoperoxidase staining.
Mechanistic Aspects of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease and the Role of Phytochemicals as Restorative Agents
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
Anindita Kundu, Vivekananda Mandal, Sujata Wangkheirakpam, Subhash C. Mandal
Homophilic and heterophilic adhesion of cells in the brain can be initiated in an integrated, conventional manner to perform a significant and precise structural role through the specialized junctions, consisting of clustered cell adhesion molecules. To hold cells into a tissue by connecting the internal cytoskeleton directly to the cell exterior, either another cell or the extracellular matrix, via one or more cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), such as cadherins, selectins and integrins, play a contributory role in synaptic plasticity. Interaction of the CAMs with membrane receptors, matrix proteins, and signaling molecules influences the synaptic strength. As a result, the CAMs; such as integrins, neural CAMs get activated and associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which triggers various cellular effects, including cell migration and proliferation via the F-actin signal transduction pathway, and can also participate in the toxic effects of Aβ in AD (Hoffman and Edelman, 1983; Dityatev et al., 2000; Cotman et al., 1998; Zhang et al., 1996). Among the various molecules involved, some participate in the formation of neuronal networks by producing neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and its polysialylated derivative, which have been proposed to participate in the neuroprotective response (promoting dendritic/spine re-growth) in neurodegeneration, by reducing the sensitivity of AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid)/NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors to glutamate, and facilitating disconnection of cell–cell interactions (Wielgat and Braszko, 2012).
Dermal Fibroblast Function
Published in Brian J. Nickoloff, Dermal Immune System, 2019
The immunoglobulin supergene family is composed of Ca2+-independent homophilic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). These include NCAM, NgCAM, and fasciculin n.108,109 The role played by these molecules in fibroblast-cell interactions remains to be determined.
Common markers of testicular Sertoli cells
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Xu You, Qian Chen, Ding Yuan, Changcheng Zhang, Haixia Zhao
NCAM is a type of cell surface membrane glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell communication and cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion. It is widely expressed in the nervous system, blood, kidney, muscle, and reproductive system [2,33], and in several tumor tissues such as neuroblastoma and primary brain tumors [34]. NCAM is ubiquitously observed at the boundaries between adjacent Sertoli cells, and between Sertoli cells and gonocytes within the seminiferous tubules of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats from birth to day 10, and then NCAM expression is gradually downregulated and eventually disappears during the maturation of Sertoli cells in vivo [35]. Other studies showed that NCAM is indeed expressed in the fetus or in immature Sertoli cells, and is involved in the regulation of the adhesion and migration of gonocytes from the lumen to the basement membrane [36,37], the interaction of Sertoli cell-gonocyte during testicular development, germ cell-Sertoli cell adhesion, and the promotion of immature Sertoli cell proliferation [38]. Therefore, NCAM can be considered an immature Sertoli cell marker, which is also downregulated by treatment with thyroid hormone (T3) [36].
Preparation and anti-cancer evaluation of promiximab-MMAE, an anti-CD56 antibody drug conjugate, in small cell lung cancer cell line xenograft models
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2018
Lin Yu, Yuqin Yao, Yuxi Wang, Shijie Zhou, Qinhuai Lai, Ying Lu, Yu Liu, Ruirui Zhang, Ruixue Wang, Chuang Liu, Lantu Gou, Xiaoxin Chen, Yamei Yu, Qiang Chen, Jinliang Yang
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), also called CD56is a kind of membrane glycoprotein that belongs to immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily [11–14]. It is highly expressed and is involved in cell migration, invasion and metastasis of SCLC cells [15]. CD56 is considered as a potential target of ADCs because of its function in mediating endocytosis of cancer cells [16,17]. Currently, there are two ADCs under clinical trials for the treatment SCLC. SC16LD6.5 (known as Rova-T), is produced by conjugating a humanised anti-DLL3 monoclonal antibody to a DNA-damaging pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer toxin has entered clinical Phase I/II trials for SCLC (NCT01901653, 16) [18]. The other one is Lorvotuzumab Mertansine (IMGN901), an anti-CD56 DM1 conjugate, comprised of a humanised CD56 antibody conjugated to microtubule inhibitor DM1 [19].
Effects of genetic variants of ST8SIA2 and NCAM1 genes on seasonal mood changes and circadian preference in the general population
Published in Chronobiology International, 2018
So Yung Yang, Ji Hyun Baek, Youngah Cho, Eun-Young Cho, Yujin Choi, Yongkang Kim, Taesung Park, Kyung Sue Hong
For NCAM1 located on chromosome 11q23.1 with 14 exons, common region of all NCAM isoforms was searched and the region spanning ~35 kb from exon 7 to exon 12 was selected. Exons 9, 10 and 11 cover the 5th and 6th glycosylation site and acidic patch critical for enzyme recognition, docking and polysialylation by ST8SIA2 to form PSA-NCAM complex (Close et al., 2003; Foley et al., 2010; Shaw et al., 2014). Thirteen tag SNPs within this targeted region of NCAM1 were chosen by the same SNP selection processes described above. Two additional SNPs (rs686050, rs584427) of NCAM1 have previously shown significant association with psychiatric disorders (Atz et al., 2007) also included in this study.