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Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Zahra Mohammadpour, Seyed Morteza Naghib
Graphene-based nanomaterials have the capacity as functional platforms for culturing muscle cells. Myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells on GO and rGO was studied by Ku et al. (Ku and Park 2013). A comparative study among graphene derivatives was conducted based on biocompatibility, cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Both nanosheets were biocompatible and induced myotube formation. However, quantitative analysis of the immunofluorescence data for myosin heavy chain (MHC) and myogenin confirmed that myogenic differentiation was better on the surface of GO. Higher expressions of MyoD, myogenin, Troponin T, and MHC genes for the cells that were grown on the GO surface were also observed. The effect was ascribed to nanotopography and, more importantly, the surface oxygen content of GO that promoted the adsorption of serum proteins. GO has also been integrated into alginate for the encapsulation of muscle cells (Ciriza et al. 2015). At the optimum concentration of GO, the cell viability and metabolic activity of microencapsulated muscle cells increased.
Fertilization and normal embryonic and early fetal development
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Asim Kurjak, Ritsuko K. Pooh, Aida Salihagic-Kadic, Iva Lausin, Lara Spalldi-Barisic
The earliest interneuronal connections, the synapses, can be detected in the spinal cord shortly before the onset of embryonic motility, at 6 to 7 weeks of gestation (42). Therefore, the neural activity leading to the first detectable movements is considered to originate from the spinal motoneurons (43). Another important prerequisite for the motility is the development and innervation of muscular fibers. It is well known that primitive muscle fibers (myotubes) are able to contract as soon as they are innervated by motoneurons (44). Between 6 and 8 weeks of gestation, muscle fibers have formed by fusion of myoblasts, efferent and afferent neuromuscular connections have developed, and spontaneous neural activity causing motility can begin.
The skeleton and muscles
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Mesenchymal cells destined to become skeletal muscle first give rise to single cells called myoblasts. These cells fuse together to form multinucleated cells (cells with many nuclei) called myotubes (Figure 14.8). As the myotube begins to accumulate the contractile proteins, its major organelles—nuclei and mitochondria—are displaced to the periphery of the myotube. Actin, myosin, and other contractile proteins are organized into subcellular structures called sarcomeres.
The functional and molecular effects of problematic alcohol consumption on skeletal muscle: a focus on athletic performance
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2022
Constanza Caceres-Ayala, Ricardo M. Pautassi, María José Acuña, Waldo Cerpa, Daniela L. Rebolledo
Besides what we can learn from patients with a history of alcohol misuse and alcoholic myopathy, laboratories have used other resources to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to alcohol-related skeletal muscle dysfunction. For example, in vitro experiments of skeletal myofibers exposed to acute alcohol show inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ transients, altering excitation–contraction coupling fundamental for muscle contraction (87). However, in vitro studies with isolated myofibers and differentiated myotubes have several limitations related to the complexity of the physiopathological processes involved and the interactions that actually take place between the myriad of cell types present in the tissue. Thus, animal models of alcohol effects on muscle function are required. These animal models include worms (88), mice (89), rats (90), and macaques (91), which following alcohol exposure exhibit some of the features seen in humans, including striated muscle atrophy, decreased muscle contractility, and increased muscle fatigue. The main findings regarding molecular changes in skeletal muscle due to alcohol are reviewed in this chapter and summarized in Figure 2.
Proteomic profiling of carbonic anhydrase CA3 in skeletal muscle
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Paul Dowling, Stephen Gargan, Margit Zweyer, Hemmen Sabir, Dieter Swandulla, Kay Ohlendieck
Isoform CA3 can be considered a mesodermal marker of development [77]. The diversification of contractile fibers during development and tissue plasticity are cellular hallmarks of the skeletal musculature. The process of myogenesis is initially characterized by the cellular commitment to the highly specialized skeletal muscle lineage, which is then followed by myogenic differentiation, myoblast fusion, and myotube formation to establish multi-nucleated contractile fibers and the development of mature motor units [78]. The complex specification steps of muscle development require the partially overlapping activity of myogenic transcription factors in combination with neuronal stimulation patterns to produce physiologically functional nerve–muscle interactions and fiber type distribution within individual skeletal muscles [79]. During early myogenesis, expression of CA3 occurs at the level of the notochord and the somites and then increases in all maturing skeletal muscles [80].
Influenza A–induced rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure following a deep tissue massage
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
Brandon Dickey, Eric M. Swanson, Matthew Brigmon, Alfredo Siller
Influenza has very diverse phenotypic presentations, with cardiac, neurologic, renal, musculoskeletal, hepatic, hematologic, and endocrine involvement.2 Monitoring musculoskeletal and renal involvement is important when treating patients with severe acute influenza infection because rhabdomyolysis is a potentially lethal complication. The exact mechanism of influenza-induced rhabdomyolysis has not been determined, but it is hypothesized that direct muscle invasion by the virus results in direct muscle injury. Previous studies demonstrated that influenza directly infects skeletal muscle3 and displays tissue tropism by binding preferentially to α2-6 sialic acids.4 α2,3 and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptor expression exists on myotube surfaces and is necessary to facilitate viral replication.5 After one bout of deep-tissue massage, even in the absence of overt muscle injury, there is an associated increase in the activation of muscle stem cells, which aid in the recovery of the muscle.6 In response to activation, muscle stem cells differentiate to myocytes, which subsequently fuse to form myotubes.7 This biological evidence suggests that massage-induced increases in myotubes could grant viral particles increased access to 2,3 and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, thereby aiding infectivity and potential exacerbation of influenza-induced rhabdomyolysis. We hope future research will further test this hypothesis.