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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Thermal images of the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine and musculature are useful for detection and follow-up of deformities, scoliosis, neural innervation, muscular strain, injuries, and inflammation. Though the vertebral bodies and spinal cord are generally too deep to be visible in the infrared, the general alignment of the spinal column is usually well visualized. The first layer of structures under the dermis – the trapezius muscles, latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crests, and spinous processes of the vertebrae – can usually be assessed thermographically. Inflammation of the muscular layers under this layer may also be detected, though usually not as clearly and with less intensity (Figure 10.64). The kidneys, which are normally located on either side of the T12 to L2 vertebrae posteriorly, may develop thermally-detectable warmth at those spinal levels if infected. As with other imaging methods, spinal thermography may be less definitive if the subject is obese.
Collagen Production by the Intestinal Smooth Muscle Cell in Response to Inflammation: Wound Healing in the Gut
Published in William J. Snape, Stephen M. Collins, Effects of Immune Cells and Inflammation on Smooth Muscle and Enteric Nerves, 2020
Work in our laboratory has enabled us to answer a number of these questions: There is a vigorous mesenchymal cell response on the part of the smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosae and propria. Fibroblasts do not appear to play a role.This response is characterized by a proliferation of the smooth muscle cells of these muscular layers in addition to collagen production by these cells.Collagen accumulates in the bowel wall, particularly in the area of smooth muscle cell proliferation and in the submucosa. Other matrix materials such as elastin and hyaluronic acid do not accumulate.Human intestinal smooth muscle (HISM) cells make relatively large amounts of collagen in vitro, particularly when the cells are proliferating in the presence of fetal calf serum. In addition, these cells produce the same collagen types in vitro found in strictured intestine in vivo.The fibrogenic inflammatory mediator transforming growth factor-β markedly and selectively upregulates collagen production by HISM cells in vitro, suggesting that these cells are important targets for this mediator in vivo.
Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The oesophagus is a muscular tube approximately 23 cm long, commencing at the UOS and descending through the superior and posterior mediastinum immediately anterior to the prevertebral soft tissues. It passes through the diaphragm to enter the abdominal cavity and connect with the stomach at the oesophago-gastric junction (TV11) and is guarded by the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS). The oesophagus may be subdivided into pharyngeal (cervical), thoracic and abdominal portions, though radiologically these are often referred to as upper, middle and lower thirds. As the oesophagus traverses through cervical, thoracic and abdominal cavities, the relations, circulation, innervations and lymphatic drainage change accordingly. Various external impressions on the oesophagus are frequently seen, including aortic arch (TV4), left main bronchus (TV5–6) and passage through the diaphragm (TV10). The oesophagus has four coats: an outer fibrous adventitia, muscular layer, submucosa and an internal mucous coat. The muscular layer is skeletal muscle superiorly (upper third) and smooth muscle inferiorly (Fig. 5.13b).
Infection of cardiac prosthetic valves and implantable electronic devices: early diagnosis and treatment
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2021
Lampros Lakkas, Burcu Dirlik Serim, Andreas Fotopoulos, Ioannis Iakovou, Argyrios Doumas, Ulku Korkmaz, Lampros K. Michalis, Chrissa Sioka
Further to the complexity of the management of endocarditis, the increasing utilisation of implantable cardiac devices (prosthetic valves and cardiovascular implantable electronic devices), raise the concern of further increase of the incidence of the disease. Although several cardiovascular electronic devices (CIEDs) are utilised (e.g. pacemakers, implantable defibrillators) the principle of their manufacture is similar. Specifically, CIEDs consist of two main components: the main device (including battery and small chip containing software) and the leads. The main device is usually implanted below the clavicle where an intramuscular pouch is created between the pectoral muscular layers. The leads consist of a soft outer part made of polyurethane and an inner part made of metal. Thus, pacemaker or other CIED leads are susceptible to vegetations, since they are in close contact with blood stream and thus susceptible to be colonised with bacteria.
Telocytes, c-Kit positive cells, Smooth muscles, and collagen in the ureter of pediatric patients with congenital primary obstructive megaureter: elucidation of etiopathology
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Mohamed Wishahi, Ehab Hafiz, A M K Wishahy, Mohamed Badawy
The findings showed that in the obstructive segment, the smooth muscle in the muscularis propria layer are separated with excess collage fibers with a collagen/muscle ratio up to 2, while in the dilated ureter there was thinned out wall with muscular layer consisting of smooth muscles and few or seldom collagen with a collagen/ muscle ratio of 0.5. Those specimens of normal ureter in patients with end stage non-obstructed ureters showed almost equal ration between collagen and muscle bundles. The present results of collagen to muscle ratio in the obstructive segment would explain the etiology of POM, these findings are in accordance with the findings and explanation of Friedrich et al who attributed the pathology of POM to excess collagen in the obstructive segment with disturbances in the electric syncytium in connection with nexus injury.7
Allogeneic epithelial cell sheet transplantation for preventing esophageal stricture after circumferential ESD in a porcine model: preliminary results
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Hee Kyong Na, Jeong Hoon Lee, In Kyong Shim, Hwoon-Yong Jung, Do Hoon Kim, Chong Jai Kim
We performed esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) examinations on the first and second weeks after ESD and checked whether the EGD scope (9.8 mm in diameter) could pass through the ESD site. Two weeks after ESD, the pigs were euthanized, and their esophagi were removed. As a macroscopic measurement, the mucosal constriction rate was calculated as suggested by Kanai et al. [15]: mucosal constriction rate (%) = [1 − (Length of the short axis at the maximal/Length of the short axis at a normal mucosal site)] × 100. Esophageal specimens were dissected longitudinally and fixed with formalin. Then, the sections were routinely processed into a paraffin block, and microscopic measurements were performed with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining. Microscopic measurements consisted of re-epithelialization length, fibrosis thickness, and degree of muscle damage. These measurements were performed by a pathologist (C.J. Kim) who was unaware of the groups to which each pig was assigned. The length of re-epithelialization was measured on both ends of the ESD ulcer and defined as the average of two measurements. The length of fibrosis was assessed through Masson’s trichrome staining. The damage in the muscularis propria layer was graded using the following scale: 0 = no atrophic or fibrotic change, 1 = atrophy or fibrosis is present, but confined to the inner circular muscular layer, 2 = atrophy or fibrosis are present, but confined to the outer longitudinal muscular layer, and 3 = transmural fibrosis of the muscularis propria [9].