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Marine Algal Secondary Metabolites Are a Potential Pharmaceutical Resource for Human Society Developments
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Somasundaram Ambiga, Raja Suja Pandian, Lazarus Vijune Lawrence, Arjun Pandian, Ramu Arun Kumar, Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul
Marine macroalgae, otherwise known as seaweeds, are mostly found in the tropical waters and intertidal regions. These macroalgae are multicellular organisms. They differ in their morphological types and sizes. They are classified based on their photosynthetic pigments into red, green, and brown algae. Recently, over 3,200 products have been isolated from marine macroalgae. The compounds that have derived from the marine macroalgae, have been useful in the field of medicine such as antioxidant, anticoagulant, antitumor, antifouling, antibacterial, antifungal, etc., also it is stated that the red seaweeds are used in the treatments of diarrhea and gastritis (Table 15.3). Not only that, green and brown seaweeds have been used in the various treatments of diseases such as rheumatic diseases, skin diseases, gastric ulcers, goiter, etc.
ChIP-seq analysis
Published in Altuna Akalin, Computational Genomics with R, 2020
One of the most fascinating biological phenomena is the fact that a myriad of different cell types, in a multicellular organism, are encoded by one single genome. How exactly this is achieved is still a major unanswered question in biology. Cell types differ based on a multitude of features: their size, shape, mobility, surface receptors, metabolic content. However, the main predominant feature, which influences all of the above, is which genes are expressed in each cell type. Therefore, if we can understand what controls which genes will be expressed, and where they will be expressed, we can start forming a picture of how a single genomic template, can give rise to a complex organism.
Introduction to Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
María Verónica Cuevas González, Eduardo Villarreal-Ramírez, Adriana Pérez-Soria, Pedro Alberto López Reynoso, Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez
The extracellular matrix is a non-cellular structure present in all vertebrate tissues. The origin of multicellularity in metazoans is intimately related to the development of the extracellular matrix. The evolutionary transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms was a fundamental change in the history of living beings on Earth. At the beginning of cellular cooperation, the cells were able to work in a cohesive way to perform more complex and sophisticated tasks; this was due to the emergence of the proteins secreted by the cells and their particular structural arrangement (Czaker 2000).
Tight junctions: from molecules to gastrointestinal diseases
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Aekkacha Moonwiriyakit, Nutthapoom Pathomthongtaweechai, Peter R. Steinhagen, Papasara Chantawichitwong, Wilasinee Satianrapapong, Pawin Pongkorpsakol
At present, TJs are known as a group of proteins that seal paracellular space between adjacent cells, near the apical membrane. Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), the first TJ protein, was discovered in 1986,12 while cingulin was identified as another peripheral element of TJ in 1989.13 In 1993, occludin was identified as the first transmembrane protein contributing to TJ-related barrier function.14 Other transmembrane proteins acting on TJs, such as claudins, junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), and MAL and related proteins for vesicle trafficking and membrane link domain-3 (MarvelD3), were later discovered.15–18 In multicellular organisms, there are bicellular and tricellular points of cell–cell contacts. Recently, tricellulin and angulin-1 have been proposed as functional tricellular TJs that can determine the paracellular passaging of macromolecules.19,20
Overview of gene expression techniques with an emphasis on vitamin D related studies
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2023
Jeffrey Justin Margret, Sushil K. Jain
During cell development, certain sets of genes express proteins that allow them to communicate with neighboring cells to coordinate development in multicellular organisms. All living organisms make use of this process, known as gene expression, to create the building blocks of life from genetic information1. The exceedingly complex process of gene expression enables cells to control their size, shape, and functions as it involves the interactions among DNA, RNA, and proteins, as well as with the environment. The phenotype of an organism is determined by how its genes are expressed2 and regulated at many levels. The protein expressed determines the function of the cell, and each cell type has a unique gene expression profile. Thus, gene expression profiling is a fundamental tool with which to investigate changes in the expression at a cellular level, thus unraveling the complexity of biological systems and the effects of mutations that result in disease states or pathobiology.
The health effects of short fiber chrysotile and amphibole asbestos
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
In vitro cell culture studies of fibers are accessible, and these testing methods are valuable to elucidate possible mechanisms involved in pathogenesis. In vitro, cellular systems are most often static systems and not sensitive to differences in fiber solubility. There are usually performed with a single layer of a specific immortalized cell line. An immortalized cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism that would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal cellular senescence and instead can keep undergoing division. Immortalized cells are primary cells whose telomeres and/or tumor suppressor genes have been altered to facilitate continued cell division. The cells can therefore be grown for prolonged periods in vitro. This is in contrast to in-vivo inhalation studies where the fibers are exposed to the dynamic behavior of the respiratory system with systematic interaction and signaling between multiple cell types. In addition, the effect of lung surfactants and the fluid flows of the lung are not present.