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Comparative Immunology
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Larval amphibians such as the bullfrog tadpole have special lymphoid organs in their branchial region called ventral cavity bodies. Sinusoids in the organ are lined with macrophages which effectively remove particulate antigen from the blood. Removal of these organs makes tadpoles incapable of making antibodies to soluble antigen. They disappear at metamorphosis.
Fleas
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
Fleas are small, laterally flattened, wingless insects that are of great importance as vectors of disease in many parts of the world. They have complete metamorphosis, with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages (Figure 11.1). Adult fleas are between 2 and 6 mm long, and are usually brown or reddish brown with stout spines on their head and thorax (Figure 11.2).1 They have a short, clublike antenna over each eye. Each segment of their three-segmented thorax bears a pair of powerful legs terminating in two curved claws. Most fleas can move quickly on skin or in hair and may jump 30 cm or more. They are readily recognized by their jumping behavior when disturbed.
Evidence for a Thymus-Pineal Axis
Published in Nate F. Cardarelli, The Thymus in Health and Senescence, 2019
Similarities between the insect corpora allata and ecdysial (prothoracic) glands with the vertebrate thymus and pineal are obvious from the data presented in the preceding sections. Insect life stages are initiated and regulated by the CA, PT, and corpora cardiaca. A mammal goes through similar stages, though details are much different. There is fetal life, birth, adrenarche, puberty, and menopause (or male climacteric) in man. The insect develops in the egg, emerges as a larva, goes through several molts with an intervening diapause, pupates (in many species), and metamorphoses into adulthood, lives as a sexual productive animal for a set time period, loses fertility, passes into a senescent phase, and dies. Each stage, whether one is a man or a mosquito, follows a set timing for a hormonal trigger that initiates each phase change. Consider the hypothesis that the insect CA-PT axis is analogous to a speculative human thymus-pineal axis. If we look toward the evidence for the CA-PT relationship, it may provide data supporting the theme of this chapter — the existence of a thymus-pineal relationship. The corpora cardiacum shows a degree of correspondence to the human pituitary gland, however, this topic is only ancillary to my thesis. Let us consider the similarities in the next few sections.
A systematic review of the bioprospecting potential of Lonomia spp. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Henrique G. Riva, Angela R. Amarillo-S.
Most of the authors used sixth-instar caterpillars (a phase in insect development) in their research (Maranga et al.2003, Souza et al.2005, Mendonça et al.2008, 2009, Vieira et al.2010, Sousa et al.2015), while a few authors did not report the instar of the insects (Fritzen et al.2005, Raffoul et al.2005, Alvarez-Flores et al.2006). No article could be found that investigated other phases of Lonomia development. This could be an interesting topic of further research considering that the metamorphosis process of insects is highly regulated by activation, differentiation and apoptosis in specific tissues. The corresponding signaling molecules probably pass through the hemolymph, which makes this fluid very promising for research related to the use in cell culture (Maranga et al.2003).
Effect of lemon grass extract against methyl methanesulfonate-induced toxicity
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Muqtada Ali Khan, Smita Jyoti, Falaq Naz, Gulshan Ara, Mohammad Afzal, Yasir Hasan Siddique
The fruit fly is generally yellow-brown in color, with brick-red eyes and transverse black rings across the abdomen. Males are generally shorter than females and have darker backs. The females of this species lay around 400 eggs, about five at a time. The eggs are about 0.5 mm long and they hatch after 12–15 h (at 25 °C or 77 °F). This developmental period is temperature dependent. The resulting larvae grow for about four days (at 25 °C) while molting twice (into second and third instar larvae), at about 24 and 48 h after hatching. In a short span, the larvae encapsulate themselves in the puparium and undergo a four-day-long metamorphosis (at 25 °C) emerging into adults (Ashburner and Thompson 1978, Ashburner et al.2005). In the present study, a transgenic fly line, i.e. D. melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ) Bg9 expressing bacterial β-galactosidase in response to stress was used (Lis et al.1983). In the aforementioned strain, the transformation vector was inserted with a P-element, i.e. the line contained wild type hsp70 sequence up to lacZ fusion point. Five females and three males of this line were allowed to copulate in order to procure the third instar larvae required for this experiment. The flies and larvae were cultured at 24 ± 1 °C with standard Drosophila food containing agar, corn meal, sugar, and yeast (Nazir et al.2003). The taxonomic position of the insect used in our study is as follows:
Concomitant changes in radiation resistance and trehalose levels during life stages of Drosophila melanogaster suggest radio-protective function of trehalose
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2018
Jagdish Gopal Paithankar, Shamprasad Varija Raghu, Rajashekhar K. Patil
Drosophila melanogaster known to have high radiation resistance; therefore, can be used as a model for the radiation related study and it can aid in understanding mechanisms of radiation resistance. Drosophila is a holometabolous insect and it undergoes complete metamorphosis. During metamorphosis organisms are known to undergo rapid tissue formation and organ development. In Drosophila, larval and adult stages differ considerably. It was reported to have variation in radiation resistance at every life stage (Paithankar et al. 2017); therefore, the biochemical changes during pre/post metamorphic stages can help to understand the mechanism of radiation resistance. The factors contribute to different levels of resistance among life stages of D. melanogaster are still unknown. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of radiation resistance can help us to design new radiation protection strategies for humans. Therefore, in the current study, we explored the level of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in all the life stages of D. melanogaster; because antioxidants are known for helping to withstand against oxidative stress. The formation of PC was considered as one of the major factors for radiation sensitivity (Krisko and Radman 2013). Hence, along with antioxidant study, we also examined levels of PC formation in all the life stages of D. melanogaster. To compare the effect of increased age on the levels of PC formation, the levels of protein carbonylation were also studied for adult flies of different age groups.