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Molecular adaptation to resistance exercise
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
To conclusively demonstrate that satellite cells were necessary and sufficient for muscle repair, a London (UK)-based group transplanted muscle fibres with their resident satellite cells that contained genetic self-renewal or differentiation reporters into a non-transgenic recipient mouse (86). To understand the process of self-renewal and differentiation of muscle cells, see Chapter 13 ‘Satellite Cells and Exercise’. The self-renewal reporter generated a blue dot for each self-renewed satellite cell and the differentiation reporter produced a blue dot whenever a satellite cell differentiated and fused with a muscle fibre or by forming a new muscle fibre. The team found that the blue self-renewal and differentiation reporters were both switched on in regenerating recipient muscle. Moreover, the recipient muscle showed large numbers of self-renewed and differentiated satellite cells. This experiment confirmed that satellite cells are true muscle stem cells and are capable of extensive self-renewal and differentiation/regeneration (86). Perhaps the most impressive experiment on satellite cell self-renewal involved transplanting a single satellite cell (termed muscle stem cell in that study due to the isolation method) expressing a firefly reporter gene into a regenerating muscle. Following several rounds of muscle injury and repair, the investigators estimated that the single satellite cells gave rise to between 20,000 and 80,000 daughter cells (progeny) (87). To conclude, satellite cells are the primary adult stem cells within skeletal muscle. There are some other stem cells within muscle, such as vascular-based pericytes or mesoangioblasts, but their capacity to repair muscle is limited.
Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Food poison and genetic disorders can deteriorate the intestinal system, herein; intestinal progenitor cells (IPCs) can renew goblet mucosa and treat intestinal defects (Shaffiey et al. 2016). Limbal progenitor stem cells’ (LPSCs) transplantation can treat corneal diseases by reviving corneal tissues (Ksander et al. 2014). In muscular deformities, PEG fibrinogen coaxed mesoangioblasts can restore muscle fibrils in the management of muscle abnormalities (Fuoco et al. 2015). Adipose-derived stem cells (AdSCs) are used in eye diseases and diabetic retinopathy by producing and restoring vasoprotective factors (Cronk et al. 2015).
Biomedical applications of muscle-derived stem cells: from bench to bedside
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2020
In order to compensate for the above disadvantages of satellite cells/myoblasts for DMD therapy, mesoangioblast (pericyte of human skeletal muscle) transplantation has been proposed [65–68]. Mesoangioblasts are myogenic cells that can be infiltrated into dystrophic muscles from the blood and engrafted into the host muscle fibers, replacing the functions of missing or truncated proteins. This has been reported using mouse and dog dystrophy models [69,70]. In fact, intra-arterial transplantation of mesoangioblasts has been performed as non-randomized, open-label phase I–IIa clinical trials for five patients with DMD under HLA-matched conditions [71]. However, no functional improvement was identified in any of the patients, while the full-length dystrophin protein was detected in one individual via immunoblotting analysis. Nonetheless, this trial showed that the intra-arterial transplantation of donor-derived mesoangioblasts was feasible and relatively safe; thus, it is an essential step for DMD therapy, but further modifications can be expected.