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Cancer Biology and Genetics for Non-Biologists
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
Cell signalling is very complex. The sending of an initial signal to the final outcome induced by the signal usually involves many proteins and hence genes. The route taken to achieve the outcome is via a cell signalling pathway. For example, the MAPK/ERK pathway, also known as the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, plays a significant role in cell growth and differentiation (the process where immature cells develop to reach their specialised form and function). The MAPK family is a set of mitogen-activated protein kinases (a kinase is a particular type of enzyme) produced by particular genes such as MAPK1, MAPK3, …MAPK15. These have other names, for example, MAPK1 is also known as ERK. A very simplified version of the MAPK/ERK pathway is,
Milroy Disease
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Expressed mainly in lymphatic endothelia, FLT4 interacts with VEGFC (which is a key regulator of blood vessel development in embryos and angiogenesis in adult tissues), enhances VEGFC production, promotes growth, survival, and migration of endothelial cells, and contributes to adult lymphangiogenesis and the buildup of the vascular network and the cardiovascular system during embryogenesis. In addition, FLT4 mediates activation of the MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 signaling pathway, the MAPK8 and the JUN signaling pathway, and the AKT1 signaling pathway, and promotes phosphorylation of PIK3R1 (regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) and MAPK8 at “Thr-183” and “Tyr-185”, and of AKT1 at “Ser-473” [8,9].
The mechanism of triptolide in the treatment of connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease based on network pharmacology and molecular docking
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Wen Zhu, Yehui Li, Junjie Zhao, Yifan Wang, Yixi Li, Yue Wang
Second, these targets also participate in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a process in which epithelial cells gradually transform into mesenchymal like cells, losing epithelial function and characteristics. EMT is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of many lung diseases, ranging from developmental disorders, fibrous tissue remodelling to lung cancer [36]. MAPK3(ERK1), MAPK1(ERK2) belong to ERK signal pathway. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that activation of ERK1/2 signalling pathway is involved in TGF-β1-induced EMT [37]. Besides, it’s also necessary for TGF-β1-induced tight junction dissociation and cell migration. Then the expression of downstream fibrosis-related genes were regulated [38]. RELA is one of the major members of the NF-κB family, involved in the transcription and regulation of multiple inflammatory factors. One study confirmed that NF-κB/RelA signalling network plays an important role in type II epithelial mesenchymal transformation in primary airway epithelial cells [39].
MiRNA-375 inhibits retinoblastoma progression through targeting ERBB2 and inhibiting MAPK1/MAPK3 signalling pathway
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2022
Lei Liu, Chunlin Xiao, Qiuyun Sun
Previous studies have shown that MAPK1/MAPK3 pathway was involved in various tumours development, and EMT is associated with tumour invasion and metastasis28. A number of molecules, such as E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin are considered to be key markers of EMT 29. Here, the effect of miR-375 on EMT and MAPK1/MAPK3 pathway was investigated in RB cells. As Figure 5(A) shown, over-expression of miR-375 enhanced the level of E-cadherin, while inhibited the levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin in Y79 and SO-RB50 cells. Furthermore, up-regulation of miR-375 repressed the related protein of MAPK1/MAPK3 pathway, including p-MAPK1/3, VEGF, and MMP-2 (Figure 5(B)). These results indicate that miR-375 inhibit EMT and MAPK1/MAPK3 pathway in RB cells.
MicroRNA-217: a therapeutic and diagnostic tumor marker
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Amir Abbas Hamidi, Malihe Zangoue, Daniel Kashani, Amir Sadra Zangouei, Hamid Reza Rahimi, Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan, Meysam Moghbeli
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is another important molecular system that is involved in extracellular signals processing via ERK, JNK, and p38 cascades. It has pivotal roles in regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. MAPK signaling is initiated by RTKs ligand binding that triggers an intracellular cascade by MAPKK, MAPK, and MAPKAPK. MiRNAs are important modulators of ERK/MAPK signaling pathway [103]. The MAPKs as a group of serine/threonine protein kinases, are highly evolutionarily conserved. MAPK1 is highly expressed in various cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma, and lung, breast, as well as liver cancer [104–107]. It has been reported that there were miR-217 down regulation in cervical cancer cells and tissues compared with normal margins. While miR-217 can suppress cell viability, cell cycle, metastasis, and invasion, it can promote apoptosis by targeting the MAPK1 [108]. CircMAN2B2 has been reported to be overexpressed in HCC cells and tissues and was directly correlated with prognosis, histological grade, and TNM stage. Moreover, circMAN2B2 sponged miR-217 which resulted in MAPK1 up regulation and increased HCC cell proliferation [109]. It has been shown that CRNDE enhanced migration, invasion, as well as EMT progression of HCC through the CRNDE/miR-217/MAPK1 axis. CRNDE may facilitate the development of HCC by functioning as a miR-217 sponge, resulting in targeting the MAPK1 signaling pathway [110]. CRC patients with miR-217 up regulation had a longer survival rate compared with under expressed miR-217 patients. MiR-217 also inhibited tumor progression and facilitated apoptosis by MAPK1 suppressing. MAPK prevented the induction of apoptosis by up regulations of BCL-2 and BCL-XL [111]. The insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R) is an important member of RTKs family [112]. It has a crucial role in tumor cell growth, survival, metabolism, and transformation through modulating PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways [113–115]. It has been reported that there was miR-217 down regulation in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissues and cell lines compared with normal margins and controls which was significantly correlated with higher histological grade, FIGO stage, and lymph node involvement. MiR-217 significantly repressed the proliferative, colony-forming, migratory, and invasive abilities of EOC cells and inhibited tumor growth via IGF1R targeting [29]. Role of miR-217 in regulation of tumor progressions via MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways is illustrated in Figure 2.