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The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
Eyes are protected by the lacrimal fluids, or tears, which contain the enzyme lysozyme, also found in saliva. Both fluids neutralise bacteria, especially gram-positive organisms inhibiting bacterial growth. Saliva also contains IgA antibodies and defensins, which act as a local antibiotic and stimulate the release of neutrophils if the oral mucosa is damaged. Lysozyme is secreted by leucocytes and is also found in the genitourinary tract. Combined with the regular flushing of urine, this protects the urinary tract from pathogens.
Mechanisms of Chemically Induced Glomerular Injury
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Lysozyme is a cationic, low-molecular weight protein macromolecule about twice the molecular weight of inulin and is small enough to pass easily through the glomerular capillary wall. After treatment of rats with gentamicin or tobramycin, 30 mg/kg/d for 7 d, a 31% decrease in the GSC of lysozyme occurred (Table 2). These results demonstrate that aminoglycosides produce a decrease in glomerular permeability of cationic molecules such as the protein lysozyme. The decreased area of EF on the luminal surface of the glomerular capillary may be one cause for this impaired glomerular permeability. SEM and TEM demonstrated concurrent reductions of EF density on the luminal surface of glomerular capillaries, but failed to show further morphological abnormalities in the glomerular filtration pathway. Quantitative analysis of the number of EF along the capillary wall by TEM, together with the statistical assessments on the density of EF by SEM, give strong support to previous findings which indicated that aminoglycoside treatment leads to a decrease in the total surface area available for filtration.43,44 However, TEM micrographs of the capillary endothelial cells showed no distinct subcellular alterations which could be responsible for the aminoglycoside-induced alterations of endothelium.48
Immune system and Innate Immunity
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Lysozyme is a bactericidal enzyme secreted in saliva, tears and mucus of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. It is also present in neutrophils. Lysozyme breaks the bonds between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid of bacterial cell wall proteoglycans, causing lysis.
Saliva proteomic profile of early childhood caries and caries-free children
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2023
Bethania Paludo Oliveira, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, Natália Caldeira Silva, Talita Mendes Oliveira Ventura, Júlia Toniolo, Jonas Almeida Rodrigues
Lysozyme, Lysozyme C, Histones and Prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) were up-regulated in the ECC group. The higher level of Lysozyme in the ECC group may suggest a compensatory protective mechanism. In specific situations, such as in caries disease or high levels of S. mutans, Lysozyme secretion is stimulated [37]. Similar results for Lysozyme C were reported previously [31]. However, a recent study on the activity and distribution of pellicle enzymes, such as Lysozyme, in children did not reveal significant differences in enzyme activity associated with children’s caries activity [30]. Although, it is important to emphasize that the analysis of pellicles may not be used as a predictor of metabolite concentrations in saliva and vice versa. The formation of pellicles seems to be a specific process. Not all analytes found in saliva are detectable in the pellicle, and the ratio of analytes also differs in the saliva and in the AEP [38].
Pulmonary delivery of a recombinant RAGE antagonist peptide derived from high-mobility group box-1 in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis animal model
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Chunxian Piao, Chuanyu Zhuang, Min Kyung Ko, Do Won Hwang, Minhyung Lee
Bleomycin sulphate (bleomycin) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Anti-RAGE, anti-αSMA and anti-TGF-β1 primary antibodies; Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody; and Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). BCA protein assay kit and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Hydroxyproline colorimetric assay kit was obtained from BioVision (Milpitas, CA). Mouse TGF-β1 ELISA kit was purchased from Abbkine (Wuhan, China). Picro-Sirius Red Stain Kit was purchased from VitroVivo Biotech (Rockville, MD). Normal goat serum was purchased from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA). Ni-NTA agarose was obtained from QIAGEN (Hilden, Germany). Lysozyme was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA).
Restricted epitope specificity determined by variable region germline segment pairing in rodent antibody repertoires
Published in mAbs, 2020
Yi-Chun Hsiao, Ying-Jiun J. Chen, Leonard D. Goldstein, Jia Wu, Zhonghua Lin, Kellen Schneider, Subhra Chaudhuri, Aju Antony, Kanika Bajaj Pahuja, Zora Modrusan, Dhaya Seshasayee, Somasekar Seshagiri, Isidro Hötzel
We extended our findings to a second antigen, hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL). An anti-HEL scBCR-seq dataset was obtained by similar methods used to derive the anti-OVA dataset. Significant nonspecific binding of labeled HEL was observed in sorting of B cells prior to sequencing (data not shown), resulting in only 20 of 96 selected clones showing binding to HEL by ELISA (Suppl. Fig. 8 and Suppl. File 1). Fourteen of these antibodies, along with 6 previously described anti-HEL mouse clones with known epitopes,8,30-33 were tested in SPR-based competition assays. Reference mouse clones competed with each other as expected (Figure 4(a,b)). The HEL-specific rat clones derived from the scBCR-seq dataset bound in 11 overlapping epitope groups (Figure 4(a)). No recurring VH/VL germline segment pairs were observed in this relatively small panel of antibodies (Suppl. Table 1).