China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Dry seeds contain circa 18% protein, 9% fat. Seeds contain 0.056% alkaloids, with 18.3% ( + )-lysergic acid amine (ergine), 33.7% isoergine, penniclavine, 6.9% chanoclavine, 2.7% elymoclavine, 3.7% ergometrine, 3.3% ergometrinine, lysergol, tryptophane, tubicoryne (C27H48O11), which on dehydrolysis gives phenanthrene and 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene. Active principles include ergine, isoergine, and minor alkaloids.54 Hofmann concludes that the glucoside turbicoryn has nothing to do with the psychotropic activity.182 However, another glucoside C28H46O12 is a CNS-stimulant.33
Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants, 2017
“Snakeplant”ALKALOIDS 560 SD CRCCHANOCLAVINE 40 SD CRC1,7-DIMETHYLPHENANTHRENE SD CRCELYMOICLAVINE 15 SD CRCERGINE 100 SD CRCERGOMETRINE 20 SD CRCERGOMETRININE 20 SD CRCISOERGINE 190 SD CRCLYSERGOL SD CRCPENNICLAVINE SD CRCPHENANTHRENE SD CRCTRYPTOPHAN SD CRCTUBICORYNE PL CRC
Efflux in Gram-negative bacteria: what are the latest opportunities for drug discovery?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Teresa Gil-Gil, Pablo Laborda, Luz Edith Ochoa-Sánchez, José Luis Martínez, Sara Hernando-Amado
Given the clinical relevance of P. aeruginosa, different works, analyzing potential inhibitors of its efflux pumps, have been published. Lanatoside C, diadzein, conessine, curcumine, berberine, and palmatine from Digitalis lanata, Glycine max, Curcuma longa, Holarrhena antidysenterica, and Berveris bulgaris, respectively [147,151–153], are inhibitors of the intrinsic resistance element MexAB-OprM [41]. Diadzein and Lanatoside C also have inhibitory activity against the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump of E. coli [147]. In addition, the activity of this efflux pump is inhibited by ursolic acid from Eucalyptus tereticornis [149], lysergol from Ipomea muricata [148], gallotannin 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose from Terminalia chebula [150], 4-hydroxy-ά-tetralone combined with its semisynthetic derivatives from Ammannia spp. [154] and plumbagin, nordihydroguaretic acid and shikonin from Plumbago indica, Larrea tridentata, and Lithospermum erythrorhizon, respectively [155]. Altogether, these data indicate that phenolic and aromatic compounds, flavones, alkaloids, or tannins from plants are valuable sources of efflux pump inhibitors.
The development of efflux pump inhibitors to treat Gram-negative infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Paula Blanco, Fernando Sanz-García, Sara Hernando-Amado, José Luis Martínez, Manuel Alcalde-Rico
Some of the EPIs so far described are phenolic compounds able to increase the susceptibility of Gram-negative pathogens to antibiotics, as erythromycin or vancomycin, with poor activity against these microorganisms [32]. Besides increasing the bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials, these compounds may have also antibiofilm activity, a property of some EPIs (including catechol) extracted from maple syrup [47]. Constituents of essential oils, such as the monoterpene (−)-α-pinene present in Alpinia Katsumadai seeds [48], also inhibit the activity of Gram-negative efflux pumps. Indeed, (−)-α-pinene inhibits the CmeABC and Cj1687 efflux pumps and consequently increases de susceptibility of Campylobater jejuni to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and triclosan [48]. Given its clinical relevance, different works have focused on the search of plant-derived inhibitors of P. aeruginosa efflux pumps. Among them, lanatoside C, diadzein, conessine, berberine, and palmatine present in Digitalis lanata, Glycine max, Holarrhena antidysenterica, and Berveris bulgaris, respectively [49–51], inhibit the activity of MexAB, an efflux pump with a relevant role in the intrinsic resistance to antibiotics of P. aeruginosa [36]. Lanatoside C and diadzein also have EPI activity against the E. coli AcrAB efflux pump, indicating that these inhibitors are not fully specific [49]. Other EPIs capable to inhibit the activity of E. coli efflux pumps are ursolic acid from Eucalyptus tereticornis [52], lysergol from Ipomea muricata [53], gallotannin 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose from Terminalia chebula [54], 4-hydroxy-α-tetralone combined with its semisynthetic derivatives from Ammannia spp. [55] and plumbagin, nordihydroguaretic acid, and shikonin from Plumbago indica, Larrea tridentata, and Lithospermum erythrorhizon, respectively [56]. Altogether, these findings indicate that plants can be a good source of EPIs that may belong, among others, to the groups of phenolic and aromatic compounds, flavones, alkaloids, or tannins.