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Nutrition Part II
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
Note on coconut oil: Coconut oil has mixed effects on HDL and LDL cholesterol and neutral effects on CHD. It has more short-chain fatty acids but some long-chain fatty acids. Thus, it's more of a neutral fat. See Chapter 12, Part I on nutrition regarding coconut oil.
Participation of Vagal Sensory Neurons in Putative Satiety Signals from the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
R.C. Ritter, L. Brenner, D.P. Yox
Triglyceride is hydrolyzed to fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides prior to uptake into enterocytes. Therefore, we have examined the ability of two fatty acids oleic (C-18) and octanoic (C-8) to suppress sham feeding when infused at low concentrations (0.065-0.13 kcal/ml) in isotonic solutions.90 At these concentrations, only oleic acid suppressed sham feeding. Octanoic acid had no effect (Figure 2B). These results indicate that while medium-chain fatty acids might suppress food intake at high concentrations, long-chain fatty acids are more potent for suppressing feeding. This conclusion is reinforced when one considers the fact that at equicaloric concentrations, the molar concentration of octanoic acid is more than twice that of oleic acid.
Principles of Radioiodination and Iodine-Labeled Tracers in Biomedical Investigation †
Published in Garimella V. S. Rayudu, Lelio G. Colombetti, Radiotracers for Medical Applications, 2019
Mrinal K. Dewanjee, Shyam A. Rao
Long-chain fatty acids have an important role in myocardial metabolism.234-238 Earlier studies with 14C-labeled fatty acids demonstrated that they are readily extracted by the heart muscle,238 and thin-layer chromatographic studies showed that labeled fatty acids were mainly incorporated into triglycerides and phospholipids.239-242 Earlier workers243-245 have shown that a significant fraction of free fatty acid that enters the coronary circulation is extracted by the myocardium. From these observations, many attempts have been made to label fatty acids with y-emitting radionuclides as potential radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial imaging.
Fatty acids, esters, and biogenic oil disinfectants: novel agents against bacteria
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Aruna Lamba, Jonathan Kopel, David Westenberg, Shubhender Kapila
Fatty acids, esters, and oils exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties. A study of the antimicrobial effect of fatty acids showed that the antimicrobial effect is significant in the case of straight chain fatty acids.16 Esters of fatty acids with 6–18 carbons, such as with glycerol caprylate (C10), glycerol laurate (C12), and glycerol myristate (C14), exhibit significant antibacterial, antiyeast, and antimold activity.17,18 The relative antimicrobial activity of fatty acids and glycerol esters against Bacillus cereus was found to decrease in this order: stearic < oleic < lauric < glycerol laurate < linolenic acid.19 Free lauric acid (C12 acid) was found to be most effective against gram-positive organisms.20 Studies examining the minimum inhibitory concentration vs fatty acid chain length demonstrated a parabolic relationship. Specifically, antimicrobial activity increases with chain length up to a point and then decreases with further increase in chain length. Long-chain fatty acids also act as inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases, which are known to be important for methylation in bacteria.21 The antibacterial ability of fatty acids is probably due to the ability of these compounds to disrupt the membranes of bacterial cells, leading to cell lysis.22
Microneedle mediated transdermal delivery of β-sitosterol loaded nanostructured lipid nanoparticles for androgenic alopecia
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Kousalya Prabahar, Ubaidulla Udhumansha, Nehal Elsherbiny, Mona Qushawy
The response surface curve of entrapment efficiency is shown in Figure 2A–C. As the lipid part of the drug was increased in proportion to the drug, more drug could be entrapped in the lipid matrix, increasing entrapment efficiency. Furthermore, increasing the volume of liquid lipids increases the solubility of medicines, resulting in higher entrapment efficiency. Maximum entrapment efficiency values were seen (red color area) as the amount of lipid concentration grew; however, lesser lipid concentration gave the lowest entrapment efficiency values of nano structured lipid. The high EE % achieved may be related to the lipophilicity of glyceryl monosterate lipids combined with crystal lattice defects that give ample space for drug β-sitosterol (Shi et al., 2013). When the lipid concentration was raised, the plotted model showed a linear increase in entrapment value. With increasing lipid concentrations, the entrapment effectiveness of nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with β-sitosterol improves. It could be related to β-sitosterol’s strong lipophilicity, which results in significant EE in lipid-based nanoparticles. Long-chain fatty acids can connect to glycerides, allowing lipophilic medicines to lodge easier, according to Dudhipala and Veerabrahma (2016). The results showed that incorporating liquid oil into lipid matrix penetrates the crystalline matrix, allowing the drug to lodge in NLC, resulting in a high EE (Woo et al., 2014; Tatke et al., 2018). High drug encapsulation efficiency in lipid nanoparticles allows for maximum drug penetration into the skin.
A review on neuropharmacological role of erucic acid: an omega-9 fatty acid from edible oils
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
J. B. Senthil Kumar, Bhawna Sharma
Generally, lipid can be divided into five categories; fatty acids, triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids, sterol lipids and sphingolipids. Fatty acids can be varied on the basis of length of carbon chain and degree of saturation. Fatty acid with no double bond in its structure is saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (e.g. butyric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, etc). Fatty acid having one double bond is known as monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) e.g. Oleic acid, erucic acid, palmitoleic acid, nervonic acid, etc and fatty acid with more than one double bond are said to be polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) e.g. omega-3 fatty acid alpha linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid-linoleic acid, gamma linoleic acid. On the basis of the carbon chain length, fatty acids can also be classified into short with less than 6 carbon atoms (e.g. acetic acid, butyric acid, etc), medium with 6–12 carbon atoms (e.g. caproic acid, lauric acid, etc), long chain fatty acid (LCFAs) with 13–20 carbon atoms and very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) with >20 or more carbon atoms.