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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Published in Lloyd N. Friedman, Martin Dedicoat, Peter D. O. Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2020
M. tuberculosis has a very large number of genes coding for enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, around 250 compared to only 50 in E. coli. All known lipid biosynthesis pathways encountered elsewhere in nature, as well as several unique ones, are detectable in the mycobacteria. Most of these enzymes are involved in the synthesis of the extremely complex lipid-rich mycobacterial cell walls.
Nature, Function, and Biosynthesis of Surfactant Lipids
Published in Jacques R. Bourbon, Pulmonary Surfactant: Biochemical, Functional, Regulatory, and Clinical Concepts, 2019
These various aspects will be successively considered in the present chapter, with particular emphasis on unsolved or controversial questions, such as the heterogeneity of surfactant, the physiological role of phosphatidylglycerol, the problem of alternative pathways and rate-limiting steps in phospholipid biosynthesis, or the quantitative importance of various precursors for lipid biosynthesis.
Phosphonic Acids And Phosphonates As Antimetabolites
Published in Richard L. Hilderbrand, The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
Glycerol-3-phosphate provides one of the most interesting species for investigation of intermediary metabolism. It has been separated in the present consideration from both glycolysis (of which it is a branch-product) and lipid biosynthesis (of which it is a precursor) due to its variety of routes of generation and reactivity. For example, the intracellular presence of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate may be the result of active transport via one of several transport systems, enzymatic phosphorylation of glycerol, or the enzymatic reduction of dihydroxy- acetone phosphate, and may be involved in phospholipid generation via a variety of reactions. Existing as it does at a branch point of intermediary metabolism, it is quite reasonable that it should be a target for antimetabolic activity by structurally related phosphonic acids.
Comparing the effects of proactive treatment with tacrolimus ointment and mometasone furoate on the epidermal barrier structure and ceramide levels of patients with atopic dermatitis
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2021
Dorothee Dähnhardt, Mike Bastian, Stephan Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer, Matthias Buchner, Regina Fölster-Holst
In summary, the present study has shown that TAC and MF show different effects on the epidermal skin barrier after reactive and proactive therapy. Although the clinical appearance of the skin improves significantly after MF treatment during the course of the study, the skin barrier is not as well restored after 12 weeks of proactive treatment as with TAC. While both medications showed no effects on TEWL, TAC treatment showed improved skin hydration in contrast to the MF group. The superiority of TAC over MF, however, was shown above all in the faster and more complete repair of the lipid lamellae in the ICS, which was accompanied by a significantly higher lipid content, particularly of ceramide NH. The exact effect of these treatments on lipid biosynthesis could not be clarified in this study and could be investigated in further studies, with a larger patient population, taking into account the hypotheses outlined here.
Dynamics and metabolic profile of oral keratinocytes (NOK-si) and Candida albicans after interaction in co-culture
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Paula Masetti, Paula Volpato Sanitá, Janaina Habib Jorge
The extra- and intracellular metabolites (glycerol, citrate, sorbitol, and malate), also evaluated in the present study, participate in cell metabolism carrying out different functions. They are related to mitochondrial activities and energy production. In addition, they are indicators of lipid biosynthesis rates, crucial for cell growth (plasma membranes), and also for protein production (Sellick et al. 2015). The results of this study showed that, in general, extracellular glycerol, citrate, and sorbitol, as well as intracellular glycerol, were more abundant in the co-culture than in the single cultures (Figures 4 and 5). The levels of the intracellular citrate and sorbitol were also higher in the co-culture and the abundance of these metabolites was very low in the first 48 h (Figure 5). The metabolism of extracellular malate only initiated at 48 h and showed higher levels in the co-culture. These results are in agreement with Cheng et al. (2013) who observed that the concentrations of some metabolites were significantly higher in co-cultures than in anaerobic fungal monocultures. Likewise, the increased activity in the co-culture can be explained by the dynamic cellular interaction and the consequent increase in their metabolism.
Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Gene Expressions of Mouse Meibomian Glands
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Erdost Yıldız, Noushin Zibandeh, Berna Özer, Afsun Şahin
We also focused on gene ontologies for biological processes which involve in lipid metabolism, inflammatory and immune response pathway, process of cell growth, cell differentiation and apoptosis (Supplementary Table 1). Some of the related biological processes with up-regulated genes in lipid metabolism are fatty acid biosynthesis (Scd4), fatty acid oxidation (Alox12) and negative regulation of lipid biosynthesis (Serpina12). Also, we have demonstrated innate immune response (Ang1, Fcer1g, Ighg, Ighm, Igh-VJ558, Trim59), inflammatory response (Kng1, Stab1, Tnfrsf4), positive regulation of I-kappa-b kinase/NF-kappa-b signaling (Atp2c1,S100a13) and cellular response to oxidative stress (Chchd4, Prdx2) in up-regulated biological processes about immune response and inflammation; positive regulation of apoptosis (Aldh1a3, Aldh1a7, Alox12) and apoptotic process (Rmdn3, Serpina3g) in up-regulated biological processes about apoptosis.