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Rice Bran as a Vaccine Adjuvant and as Prebiotics in Reducing Viral Diarrhea
Published in Lijuan Yuan, Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation, 2022
It is not known which components or specific compounds of RB contributed to the HRV diarrhea-reducing activities. However, heat-resistant amylase, protease, and hemicellulose-treated rice fiber, which has significantly lower contents of protein, lipids, and carbohydrates have been shown to be able to prevent diarrhea in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced experimental colitis mouse models (Komiyama et al., 2011). This result suggests that the dietary fiber portion of RB, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, may also play important roles in decreasing diarrhea during inflammatory bowel disease. In fact, arabinoxylan, a dietary fiber from RB, significantly decreased the diarrhea score in irritable bowel syndrome adult patients through its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating activities (Kamiya et al., 2014). RB components promoting probiotic bacteria growth and colonization are likely to vary depending on the specific bacterial species. However, heat-resistant amylase, protease, and hemicellulase-treated dietary fiber were unable to increase the shedding of Lactobacillus spp and Bifidobacterium (Komiyama et al., 2011), suggesting that carbohydrate or lipid components of RB could be the main prebiotics for LGG and EcN in this study. A recent study in mice found that a 10% RB oil diet significantly increased the occupation ratios of Lactobacillales group of bacteria in the gut microbiota (Tamura et al., 2012). Further studies are underway to identify the RB components that are responsible for its HRV diarrhea fighting properties and prebiotic properties.
The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
The gut microbiota is an important player in atherogenesis.14 Specifically, higher levels of Lactobacillales and decreased levels in Bacteroides have been associated with coronary artery disease.15 Metabolism by certain intestinal flora has been linked to the deleterious association between the development of atherosclerotic plaque and egg yolk consumption, due to its choline content. Certain gut microbiota can metabolize choline, phosphatidylcholine,16 and L-carnitine17 to produce trimethylamine (TMA), which can be oxidized in the liver into trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a proatherogenic metabolite. Inhibiting TMAO production through the gut microbiota has been found to be a promising treatment for atherosclerosis.18 Due to the inherent complexity of the gut microbiome and its differences among individuals, this pathway is not the same for everyone. The complex ecology of the gut microbiota and its role in metabolic behavior must be considered. For example, many types of fish are still considered beneficial for cardiovascular patients19 despite their trimethylamine content. Additionally, L-carnitine may ameliorate metabolic diseases20 by increasing insulin sensitivity of the skeletal muscle and may reduce ischemic heart disease in some people.
The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Diabetes
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Stephen J. Walker, Shaun P. Deveshwar
To investigate the impact of gastric surgery on the gut microbiome, a research team in Japan recently conducted a study wherein they evaluated two alternative forms of bariatric surgery. In this study, 44 obese individuals were treated for metabolic disorders with one of the three following procedures: the duodenojejunal bypass (DJB; an alternative to the RYGP), the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), or the LAGB. A total of 22 patients underwent the LSG procedure, 18 underwent the DJB, and four underwent the LAGB to treat their obesity. Patients’ stool samples were collected just prior to having the procedure and then 6 months post operation to study the effects of the procedure on the gut microbiota. It was found that the LSG and DJB procedures significantly improved metabolic disorders in these obese patients and that the proportion of Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillales increased significantly in the DJB group. While the two types of bariatric surgeries had differing effects on the gut microbiota, both the DJB and LSG procedures were shown to improve DM-2 and obesity [25].
Gut bacterial extracellular vesicles: important players in regulating intestinal microenvironment
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Xiao Liang, Nini Dai, Kangliang Sheng, Hengqian Lu, Jingmin Wang, Liping Chen, Yongzhong Wang
GBEVs, as information delivery vectors secreted during the lifespan of living bacteria, contain nucleic acid, protein, and/or lipid molecules derived from parental bacteria. By detecting these molecules contained therein to characterize changes in the intestinal microbiota and metabolites of patients, researchers can ascertain biomarkers more accurately. For example, Kim et al. detected a significant increase in the abundance of Firmicutes phyla, such as Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium, those of the Ruminococcaceae family, and Catenibacterium, by examining intestinal bacteria and GBEVs isolated from the fecal samples of patients with colon cancer.160 Furthermore, Kim et al., showed that GBEVs isolated from patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis have lower α diversity and higher β diversity than those in healthy controls and that the number of GBEVs secreted by Veillonella sp., V. parvula, and Lactobacillales sp. were significantly increased.161 At present, research regarding GBEV-disease-related biomarkers is at a naive stage. Effective isolation and detection of the number and types of GBEVs in biological samples are of the essence, requiring prompt and precise scrutiny.
Dietary restriction increases protective gut bacteria to rescue lethal methotrexate-induced intestinal toxicity
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Duozhuang Tang, Ting Zeng, Yiting Wang, Hui Cui, Jianying Wu, Bing Zou, Zhendong Tao, Liu Zhang, George B. Garside, Si Tao
MTX is an established cytotoxic drug widely used in the treatment of malignant and autoimmune diseases. However, the strong intestinal toxicity induced by MTX is a major dose-limiting factor. As such, efficient ways to reduce the severe complications of MTX, which would allow for its high-dose application, would prove greatly beneficial. The current study provides the first experimental evidence in mice that short-term DR prior to high-dose MTX administration markedly reduced intestinal damage and increased survival rate compared to AL mice. In particular, DR preserved the viability as well as the regeneration functionality of ISCs exposed to high-dose MTX injury. Principally, we show that the beneficial effect achieved by DR was mediated by a global regulation of the intestinal flora and associated with a significant increase of the Order Lactobacillales. Our findings present DR as a novel way to ameliorate high-dose MTX-induced damage and provide insight into the underlying mechanism, which could be of great interest to clinicians as well as researchers aiming to reduce toxicity caused by dose-intensive chemotherapy.
Prognostic models to help predict patient responses to intravesical immunotherapy
Published in Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, 2020
Ekaterina Laukhtina, David D’Andrea, Benjamin Pradere, Dmitry Enikeev, Mohammad Abufaraj, Shahrokh F. Shariat
The role of the bladder microbiome in the carcinogenesis and response to intravesical therapy has been the focus of recent researches. It has been shown that the bladder microbiome can affect the response to BCG therapy by several pathways that are involved in the destruction and inactivation of BCG in the bladder lumen or modulation of urothelial sensitivity to BCG activity by attachment to fibronectin [81]. Specific organisms, like Lactobacillus iners, may be superior at binding fibronectin compared to other species [82]. Moreover, Lactobacillales have been found to be more abundant in patients free of recurrence after intravesical BCG therapy (p = 0.049) [83]. In contrast, the abundance of Proteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria was higher in patients with recurrence after intravesical BCG therapy (p = 0.035 and p = 0.003, respectively). Several probiotic bacterial strains have been shown to attenuate mucosal inflammation by inhibiting the NF-jB pathway, IL-6, and IL-8 [84]. This could potentially affect response to BCG therapy as its major mechanism of action relies on a local inflammatory response. These findings generate the hypothesis that the bladder microbiome could have an influence on BCG response and be, therefore, a candidate for future studies investigating its role as biomarker in NMIBC.