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The Injured Cell
Published in Jeremy R. Jass, Understanding Pathology, 2020
Histological examination of well-developed coagulative necrosis reveals the tissue structure in ghostly outline. The cell cytoplasm persists and is stained deeply with eosin. This is due partly to the rapid degradation of basophilic RNA and partly to an increased affinity for eosin. The nuclei disappear. Prior to their disappearance, the nuclei may be fragmented (karyorrhexis), shrunken and darkly staining (pyknosis) or may simply dissolve (karyolysis) (Fig. 6). Since necrosis is occurring in a living organism, there will be an inflammatory reaction culminating in the removal of the dead tissue by a process called organisation.
Ischemic Heart Disease
Published in P. Chopra, R. Ray, A. Saxena, Illustrated Textbook of Cardiovascular Pathology, 2013
karyolysis. The myofibers show degeneration and lysis and there is congestion of capillaries with margination by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which are also seen in the interstitium of the myocardium (Figs 6.10 to 6.14). The necrotic and inflammatory changes intensify progressively between 1-3 days at which time there is marked myonecrosis, loss of nuclei and an inflammatory cell infiltration predominated by polymorphs and abundant nuclear debris. At the end of first week, the ischemic area shows loss of myofibers and the inflammatory infiltrate is dominated by macrophages. Between 1 and 2 weeks of infarction, myofibers are cleared from the necrotic zone which now shows reparative tissue comprising proliferating capillaries, fibroblasts, hemosiderin pigment and macrophages many of which show hemosiderin within them. From 2 weeks till about 7-8 weeks there is progressive collagenization with scar formation (Figs 6.15 and 6.16).
Neurohistology
Published in Burkhard Madea, Asphyxiation, Suffocation,and Neck Pressure Deaths, 2020
Wolfgang Keil, Claire Delbridge
As early as 1960 Wünscher and Möbius reported the pronounced brain changes found light-microscopically in the case of an initially survived hanging [9]. The patient died after 2 days. Bronchopneumonia was ultimately regarded as the cause of death. Later, at least 2–5 hours were reported by Kitamura [3] and 7 hours by Oehmichen et al. [8] as the survival time for the occurrence of clear light microscopic findings. Initially, serious nerve cell damage develops, which is localized in almost all regions. At this point, glial cell reactions do not have to be present [3]. The nerve cells have pycnotic nuclei, and karyolysis may occur. The perikaryon becomes very strongly eosinophilic. The myelin sheaths decay, the oligodendroglia cells shrink. The astrocytes can show considerable cytoplasmic swelling. Astrocytes and oligodendroglia cells often show karyolysis also. After about 12 hours, segmented granulocytes emigrate. After about 24 hours, the proliferation of the microglia begins, which converts into macrophages after 48−60 hours at the latest. Activated microglial cells and macrophages are an expression of resorptive reaction. In particular, the released lipids from the disintegrating myelin sheaths are stored in cells, classified as lipid-laden macrophages. In the further course, erythrocytes or haemoglobin escaping vessels as a result of diapedesis can be phagocytized. These storage cells containing haemosiderin granules have been described as siderophages and can also be represented by a positive iron reaction. Lymphocytes occur more frequently. Later, astrocytes begin to proliferate and phagocyte part of the extracellular detritus together with the macrophages. During these still vital cellular reactions, death occurs in all cases because excessive oedema in the supratentorial parts of the brain occurs at the same time, which ultimately leads to the complete cessation of existing intracranial perfusion. As a result, the brain softens and decays autolytically.
Polysialic acid-functionalized liposomes for efficient honokiol delivery to inhibit breast cancer growth and metastasis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Xin Li, Shuang Guan, Henan Li, Dong Li, Dan Liu, Jing Wang, Wenquan Zhu, Guihua Xing, Liling Yue, Defu Cai, Qi Zhang
Moreover, fluorescence TUNEL labeling and H&E staining assays of tumor tissues were also performed to assess the antitumor efficacy of PSA-Lip-HNK. As shown in Figure 7(F), in comparison to saline treatment, a significant increase in TUNEL-positive signal (green) was observed in tumor sections treated with free HNK, Lip-HNK, and PSA-Lip-HNK. More importantly, the level of apoptosis after treatment by PSA-Lip-HNK was higher than the other two HNK groups, which was consistent with the results of tumor weight analysis. Furthermore, the result of the H&E staining assay was similar to that of the TUNEL. As shown in Figure 8, remarkable karyolysis and cytoplasmic vacuolation were observed in tumor sections treated with three HNK formulations. Of note, the area of necrosis after treatment by PSA-Lip-HNK was largest than the other treatment groups, confirming that PSA-Lip-HNK promoted tumor cells apoptosis and suppressed tumor growth.
Ultrastructural analysis of nucleated erythrocyte in patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Jing Liu, Shuxu Dong, Yongxin Ru
Mature erythrocytes displayed irregular shapes, different sizes and densities due to the rupture of cellular membranes and leakage of hemoglobin (Figure 2a). The intercellular bridge between erythrocytes was occasionally seen (Figure 2b). Erythrocytes were filled with several cytoplasmic vesicles, indicating lysis of cytoplasm (Figure 2c). Additional evidence of extensive cellular lysis included rupture of nuclear envelope, chromatic abnormal condensation and nuclear pyknosis among polychromatic and orthochromatic normoblasts (Figure 2d). Moreover, these damaged cells were characterized by irregular morphology, the absence of microvilli on the cell surface and expanded perinuclear cisternae (Figure 3a). Erythroblasts with dual-nuclei and cytoplasmic iron deposition showed the abnormality of pyknosis (Figure 3b). Karyolysis was also seen in some cells, with invisible cytoplasm lysis (Figure 3c). Prominent pyknosis and abnormal chromatic condensation were easily detectable (Figure 3d).
Development and machine-learning optimization of mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with fluconazole for treatment of oral candidiasis
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Mohammed H. Elkomy, Mohammed Elmowafy, Khaled Shalaby, Ahmed F. Azmy, Naveed Ahmad, Ameeduzzafar Zafar, Hussein M. Eid
Figure 10 provides the histological photomicrographs of the buccal mucosal tissue (lip) of rabbits isolated from the control group (A), the group received FLZ-NLC (B), and the group received FLZ-CTS-NLC (C). The images are very similar. The structure of the stratified squamous epithelium is normal. Also, the stratum basalis columnar cells are within normal size without any shrinkage. All epithelial cells are tightly packed without intercellular bridge disruption. No nuclear changes are present. The submucosa of all groups shows no histopathological changes. The treated group (Figure 10(B,C)) shows little vacuolation in the stratified squamous epithelium and some epithelial cells show karyolysis which is insignificant. Consequently, the FLZ-NLC and FLZ-CTS-NLC are considered highly biocompatible.