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Exercise and Age-Related Decline in Immune Functions
Published in Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger, Exercise and Disease, 2020
Robert S. Mazzeo, Imran Nasrullah
Finally, we have also examined the influence of endurance training on humoral immunity in aging Fischer 344 rats.4 This was assessed in vivo with the administration of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a T-cell dependent antigen. The humoral immunity response was determined by measurement of serum levels of anti-KLH specific IgG. Figure 5 demonstrates that in response to KLH, IgG antibody production was severely blunted in the old (27 months) when compared to young animals. Further, 10 weeks of endurance training did not improve this antibody response in the old animals.
Mucosal tolerance
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Charles O. Elson, Oliver Pabst
To determine whether oral tolerance to protein antigens exists in humans, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) has been fed to a group of human volunteers. KLH is a potent immunogen that has been used safely in humans to assess immunocompetence. The group fed KLH and a group not fed KLH were parenterally immunized, and the resulting systemic and mucosal immune responses were compared (Figure 17.7). KLH feeding resulted in significant reductions of the delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test response and of KLH-specific T-cell proliferation. Conversely, KLH feeding prior to immunization resulted in increased B-cell responses reflected in higher anti-KLH antibodies in serum and secretions compared with individuals not fed KLH. Such “split tolerance” has been demonstrated in some experimental models as well. Split tolerance may be biologically relevant, since secretory antibodies (e.g., secretory IgA) might further promote tolerance by excluding the uptake of “allergic” or “disease-producing” antigen.
Dialyzable and Nondialyzable Transfer Factor
Published in Edward P. Cohen, A. Arthur Gottlieb, Immune RNA, 2020
TFnd contains immunoglobulins and other proteins. It also contains large quantities of degraded RNA, approximately 4S. No intact RNA is detectable. This is to be expected. Lazda and Baram70 extracted the RNA from rhesus monkey KLH-TFnd. They evaluated the ability of this RNA to recruit lymphocytes in vitro in the presence of KLH. Although elevation of tritiated thymidine incorporation was observed, the RNA was not as effective as unfractionated TFnd.
Immunotoxicity studies of sulfolane following developmental exposure in Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats and adult exposure in B6C3F1/N mice
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
AtLee T. D. Watson, Victor J. Johnson, Michael I. Luster, Gary R. Burleson, Dawn M. Fallacara, Barney R. Sparrow, Mark F. Cesta, Michelle C. Cora, Keith R. Shockley, Matt D. Stout, Chad R. Blystone, Dori R. Germolec
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc., Los Angeles, CA) whole protein was used as a second T-dependent antigen. Animals from Cohort 3 were immunized 14 days prior to scheduled termination (SD 76 in mice, PND 77–81 in rats) via IP injection of 300 µg KLH/animal. Blood was collected via the saphenous or tail vein, in mice and rats respectively, five days following immunization to examine the impact of sulfolane on the primary IgM antibody response. Terminal blood collection 14 days following immunization with KLH was used to isolate serum for determination of the impact of sulfolane on isotype switching to IgG antibody production. In both cases, isolated sera (stored at −70 °C until analyzed) were assayed for anti-KLH IgM or IgG using ELISA kits (Life Diagnostics) as above.
Improvement and optimization of a T-cell-dependent antibody response (TDAR) method for BALB/c mice using keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as specific antigen
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2019
Penghuan Chang, Ling Huang, Mianqing Huang, Shuhong Tian, Zhaoxin Yang
The TDAR is an immune response initiated by B-cell activation following interaction with T-cell-dependent processed antigens. This process requires participation of CD4+ T-helper Type 2 (TH2) cells. Recently, TDAR has been considered as a functional test with favorable predictability in detecting the potential immunotoxicity of select drugs. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) is a soluble antigenic protein extracted from marine organisms that in mammals is an allogenic protein with a high degree of immunogenicity. Compared to other common antigens like sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (Ladics 2018), KLH is more suited as a T-cell-dependent antigen because it displays greater stability in nature, is simple to be standardized, and is easy to be obtained. In studies by Lebrec et al. (2014) and Peachee et al. (2014), KLH was used as the specific antigen to detect TDAR in rats and pigs by ELISA. Those authors found that KLH resulted in less variability and more stable results when compared with outcomes in hosts given SRBC. Apart from the use of a different antigen to optimize measures, the advantages of using an ELISA over a hemolytic plaque test (PFC) was that the former provided standardized measurements suitable for automation in large-volume operations (Lebrec et al. 2014). The use of ELISA for measurements also allowed for a continuous collection of samples, and for serum samples to be frozen prior to analysis (thus, making analyses more flexible and less labor-intensive (namely, if doing PFC, for investigators).
Novel monoclonal antibodies to the SERINC5 HIV-1 restriction factor detect endogenous and virion-associated SERINC5
Published in mAbs, 2020
Sebastian Molnar, Lindsay Wieczorek, Michelle Zemil, Bianca Schulte, Elizabeth Martinez, Syna Gift, Lan Tang, Hendrik Streeck, Robert A. Gramzinski, Nelson L. Michael, Gordon Joyce, Victoria R. Polonis
Three SERINC5 peptides were selected as target epitopes in two extracellular domains (ECL1 and ECL4) and one intracellular epitope (ICL4),4,11,14 based on sequence, antigenicity, surface and hydrophilicity scores, as presented in Table 1. The ECL4 and ICL4 peptides required the addition of an N-terminal or C-terminal cysteine residue, respectively, for conjugation to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). BALB/c mice were immunized intradermally with codon-optimized SERINC5.1 DNA and then boosted with KLH-peptide during a 22-week immunization schedule (Figure 1). Mouse sera were collected and tested using various assays two weeks post the third, fourth, and fifth immunizations at weeks (W) 8, 11, and 17.