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Phosphoinositide Metabolism
Published in Enrique Pimentel, Handbook of Growth Factors, 2017
Phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives, which include mono- and polyphosphates, represent less than 6 to 8% of the components of the membranes of eukaryotic cells. However, they are important components of cell membranes and are crucially involved in receptor-mediated activation of intracellular signaling mechanisms. Various enzymes are involved in the regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells,21 as well as in the phosphorylation and hydrolysis of cellular phospholipids.22 The hydrolytic enzymes involved in such processes include several phospholipases. The phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol depends on the activity of phosphatidylinositol kinases with different substrate specificities. While the generation of phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate depends on the activity of phosphatidylinositol kinase type II, the type I enzyme is involved in the generation of phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate.23 Further phosphorylation of the monophosphate gives origin to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, a compound that has been found to be involved in the activation of a low affinity form of human DNA polymerase-α, suggesting that it may function as a second messenger during the initiation of mitosis.24
Correlation between natrium iodide symporter and c-fos expressions in breast cancer cell lines
Published in Robert Hofstra, Noriyuki Koibuchi, Suthat Fucharoen, Advances in Biomolecular Medicine, 2017
A. Elliyanti, N. Noormartany, J.S. Masjhur, Y. Sribudiani, A.M. Maskoen, T.H. Achmad
The mechanism of NIS expression in breast cancer is still unclear. Several studies reported that, there were strong correlations between NIS expression and malignant transformation of human breast tissues. (Unterholzner, S 2006 & Tazebay, UH 2000) Cell proliferation is controlled by intracellular signaling pathways. Aggravation of the pathways is linked to malignant transformation. (Wagstaff, SC 2000) Furthermore, the proliferative signals are responsed by immediate early genes such as c-fos. It is a proto-oncogen and is regulated by intracellular signals events at multiple levels. Gee et al. study reported, there was correlation between increased c-fos expression and elevated cells proliferation and poor prognosis in breast cancer diseases. (Lu, C & Shen, Q 2005)
Bioscience indications for chronic disease management and neuromedical interventions following traumatic brain injury
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Grace S. Griesbach, David L. Ripley, Matthew J. Ashley
Thyroid regulates gene-encoding proteins for a host of structures and substances. These include myelin, mitochondria, neurotrophins, cellular matrix proteins, cellular adhesion molecules, and proteins involved in intracellular signaling.416,420
Performance of capecitabine in novel combination therapies in colorectal cancer
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2021
Fahima Danesh Pouya, Yousef Rasmi, Irem Yalim Camci, Yusuf Tutar, Mohadeseh Nemati
Identifying the location of the primary tumor is therapeutically important. For example, in CRC, different genetic changes have been reported in the left and right colon, showing various clinicopathologic features and population structures. Studies of left-sided tumors show a better prognosis than of right-sided colon. The prognosis of poor right colon tumors is unclear, but biological and/or environmental factors may be involved.16 The right and left colon, with different embryonic origins and different genes, respond differently to the received signals.17,18 Therefore, some genes are involved in CRC by activating specific signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize recent progress in defining the intracellular signaling pathways and the therapeutic methods suggested for them.
The application of proteomics in muscle exercise physiology
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Stuart J Hesketh, Ben N Stansfield, Connor A Stead, Jatin G Burniston
Proteomic studies of enriched mitochondrial fractions of skeletal muscle have been reported but studies have not yet considered differences that may exist between exercise responses of subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria which have been reported in the heart [62]. Mitochondrial responses to exercise might also be expected to differ as a function of fiber type, sex, age and diet. Fiber-type specific responses to exercise have very recently been reported [63], and aging is known associated with changes to muscle fiber proteomes [64]. Proteomic studies have provided insight to the interaction between training status and aging on the skeletal muscle proteome [65] and suggest some features associated with older age may be due to lower levels of physical activity rather than aging per se. New methods for the enrichment of key post-translational modifications have been successfully exploited to discover exercise responsive sites. Phosphorylation, which is a well-established regulator of protein function and intracellular signaling, has been the focus of attention in the majority of studies. However, in mitochondria, protein acetylation emerged to be a more prominent modification that differentiates between low and high levels of aerobic capacity. Nevertheless, phosphoproteome analyses have illuminated an array of exercise responsive kinases that is broader than popular foci of interest amongst hypothesis-led studies.
Clinical implications of extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
The main question in EVs research is how do such small organelles excel at such tasks? And what are their biomedical potential? If we examine the roles of EVs in modulating the physiological and pathological processes, we see that EVs have a set of specialized functions that are tightly regulated and are far more complex than previously assumed [5,15,16]. The conventional mechanism of cell communication mainly involves direct cell-cell contact and/or secretion of molecules to neighboring cells to induce intracellular signaling. EVs, however, are not only able to induce long distance signal transduction upon binding to receptors (or vice versa), but they can also act as a ‘new’ surface molecule once bound to the target cell membrane; hence, the target cells may acquire a new adhesion feature. Moreover, subsequent fusion of EVs with target cells allows for the direct transfer of membrane and cytosolic contents (i.e. bioactive molecules, genetic materials) between origin and recipient cells [6,17]. Such combinations of events and exchange of massive materials [18], which occur simultaneously, results in the same systemic alteration of physiological characteristics of cells as seen in conventional cell-cell communication, but can be achieved without physical cell-cell contact [6]. Potential mechanisms of EVs function in cell communication are depicted in Figure 1.