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An unrousable patient in the recovery room
Published in Tim French, Terry Wardle, The Problem-Based Learning Workbook, 2022
The process of ageing constitutes a progressive decline in physiological functioning. This change is partially mediated by replacement of active cells by inactive interstitial cells in many tissues. Additionally, the blood supply to tissues is reduced. This can be thought of as a process that results in elderly patients having little, or no physiological reserve.
The Evolution of Anticancer Therapies
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
A related in vivo model, the hollow fiber assay, pioneered by the US National Cancer Institute, involves observation of the effect of systemically administered novel therapeutic agents on tumor cells growing in porous fibers inserted subcutaneously or intraperitoneally in mice or rats. The advantage of this model is that the porous fibers can be easily withdrawn at any time to observe the effect of the agent on the cells within them at various time points. One disadvantage is that the cells do not develop into a tumor as they are enclosed in the fibers, and no new blood vessels are initiated. Therefore, the cells are simply bathed in the therapeutic agent in the blood and interstitial fluid, which has led some researchers to observe that the model is no more predictive of human efficacy than simple IC50 experiments in cell culture.
Summation of Basic Endocrine Data
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
The testes are composed mainly of seminiferous tubules wherein the sperm are produced by a succession of maturing germ cells. Interstitial cells of Leydig are located between the tubules and they produce the hormonal secretions of the testes. Sertoli cells are supporting epithelial cells in the tubule system. They gain contact with the developing sperm and provide or exclude nutrients to and from the fluid surrounding the germ cells and the tubules, thus acting as a blood-testis barrier.
Urothelium removal does not impact mucosal activity in response to muscarinic or adrenergic receptor stimulation
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christian Moro, Charlotte Phelps
A diverse collection of cells also resides within the lamina propria, which may induce the contractile activity of this layer. These include connective tissue, blood vessels, and afferent nerve fibers, as well as a range of cells types which include interstitial cells and fibroblasts.35 Additionally, a variety of immune cells are present in the lamina propria, such as mast cells and dendritic cells.36,37 Within this layer, the interstitial cells most likely mediate contractile activity and the responses to receptor activation. It is understood that these cells have the ability to contract and hold close associations with the calcium transients and spontaneous activity.26 Interstitial cells have also previously been suggested as the cell type mediating urothelial/lamina propria contractions in response to neurokinin-A.38 Therefore, it appears from past research that the interstitial cells are likely modulators for the observed responses demonstrated in strips of urothelium-removed lamina propria.
Arrested Acetylene-Induced Pulmonary and Testicular Toxicity in Rats Through Treatment With Polyphenols
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Tanitoluwa O. Oluwabayo, Afolabi C. Akinmoladun, Afolabi A. Akindahunsi
Testosterone, FSH, and LH are hormones involved in normal testicular function. FSH regulates the growth of seminiferous tubules and maintenance of spermatogenesis in males (D’Cruz et al. 2010) while LH stimulates testosterone production in Leydig cells which subsequently stimulates spermatogenesis (Parandin et al. 2012). Diminished secretion of LH or FSH can cause a failure of gonadal function (hypogonadism). The marked decrease in LH and FSH levels in acetylene-exposed animals indicates a toxic effect of the gas, probably through oxidative stress-mediated injury (Akomolafe et al. 2018). The testicular interstitial cells of Leydig produce testosterone, which is the primary male gonadal hormone. A significant drop in plasma testosterone was seen in the acetylene-exposed group compared to the control group in this study. Such a decrease in testosterone concentration most likely resulted from a decrease in serum FSH and LH levels as well as from the decreased testicular cholesterol concentration. This result is in line with the report of Adienbo et al. (2015). The reversal of the effects of acetylene on the testicular hormones by the polyphenols indicates their potential to restore disrupted hormonal balance.
Three-dimensional bioprinting of artificial ovaries by an extrusion-based method using gelatin-methacryloyl bioink
Published in Climacteric, 2022
T. Wu, Y. Y. Gao, J. Su, X. N. Tang, Q. Chen, L. W. Ma, J. J. Zhang, J. M. Wu, S. X. Wang
The 4-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation and their ovaries were removed by dissection in preincubated Leibovitz’s 15 medium supplemented with 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 100 IU/ml penicillin. Ovarian somatic cells are mainly composed of theca-interstitial cells (TICs), granulosa cells (GCs) and mesenchymal cells. Ovaries were punctured with a needle to release the GCs into the Leibovitz’s 15 medium. Residual tissues were reserved for TIC and mesenchymal cell isolation. They were incubated for 60 min at 37 °C in 200 μl per ovary of collagenase–DNase solution containing 4 mg/ml collagenase IV, 10 mg/ml DNase I and 10 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) in McCoy’s 5A medium. During this time, the ovarian tissues were agitated using a pipette at least 10 times at intervals of 10 min. Then, the cell suspension was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min. Cells from passage one were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (w/v) for immunofluorescence staining. Cells from passage two were trypsinized and prepared for cell-laden bioprinting.