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Host–Biofilm Interactions at Mucosal Surfaces and Implications in Human Health
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Nityasri Venkiteswaran, Kassapa Ellepola, Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Yuan Kun Lee, Kia Joo Puan, Siew Cheng Wong
Similar to bacterial cell surface proteins, fungal cell wall proteins also have a major role in fungal biofilm formation on host surfaces. In C. albicans, Hwp1 is the first cell surface protein reported for biofilm formation in vivo, whereby the lack of Hwp1 results in poor adherence. It can also serve as a substrate for mammalian epithelial cell transglutaminase [114–116]. Other C. albicans adhesins such as Als3, a member of the agglutinin-like sequence (Als) family of proteins, and Eap1, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell wall protein, have also been shown to play a role in adhesion and biofilm formation both in vitro and in vivo [117,118].
Candida
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Adherence to a host cell is an essential early step in the establishment of infection, helping ensure active penetration of the host tissues. Candida can adhere to both biotic and abiotic surfaces due to its possession of a specialized set of proteins (adhesins) that recognize host ligand-binding site. These adhesins form a family of eight glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) -linked cell surface glycoproteins (Als1–7 and Als9), which are encoded by ALS (agglutinin-like sequence) genes.20,22,31,32 Especially important for adhesion are Als3 (hypha-associated adhesins) and Hwp1 (hypha-associated GPI-linked proteins). ALS3 expression is upregulated during morphogenesis at the transcriptional level. Mutants lacking ALS3 present reduced adhesion. Hwp1 is used as a substrate for mammalian transglutaminase during the anchoring of Candida albicans cells to the host epithelium. The virulence of mutants lacking HWP1 is reduced due to an inability to permanently adhere to epithelial cells.22,31,32 Among non-Albicans species, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis demonstrate adherence in vitro. Adhesins of Candida dubliniensis are encoded by the gene similar to Candida albicans, but regulation may be different in these two species. Epa proteins, structurally like Als proteins of Candida albicans, have been identified in Candida glabrata, five Als proteins, and six Pga (predicted glycosyl phosphatidyl-anchored protein) in Candida parapsilosis and at least three Als proteins in Candida tropicalis.20
Candida auris biofilm: a review on model to mechanism conservation
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Arsha Khari, Biswambhar Biswas, Garima Gangwar, Anil Thakur, Rekha Puria
Earlier, C. auris was shown to have a filamentous morphology in cultures on YEPD medium from mouse liver, kidney, brain, lung, and spleen specimens that had invasive candidiasis [41]. When other fungi are subjected to triggers i.e. environmental factors, such as temperature, nutrient limitation, and pH changes, they form filaments but C. auris fails to do it on exposure to triggers. Interestingly, it was observed that under the genotoxic effect, its DNA gets damaged and it starts forming filaments. This may occur due to the interaction of this fungus with the host immune response or upon antifungal treatment. According to the literature, some genes such as FLO11, EED1, HWP1, HWP2 or ECE1 which cause filamentation in S. cerevisiae and C. albicans are missing from the C. auris genome. Though we did not find HWP2 on orthologs analysis but HWP1exists in C. auris’ genome. In C. albicans, tup1∆ cells trigger the formation of constitutive filamentation but not in C. auris.
From intestinal colonization to systemic infections: Candida albicans translocation and dissemination
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Jakob L. Sprague, Lydia Kasper, Bernhard Hube
Another possibility is that the yeast present in the GI tract during colonization simply move through the intestinal epithelium together with hyphae as they invade the tissue (Figure 1f). It has been suggested before that adhesins expressed during the later stages of biofilm formation, like Fav2 and Hyr1, may contribute to cell-to-cell adhesion of C. albicans.87 Loss of YWP1, a gene encoding an adhesion protein associated with the yeast morphology of C. albicans, decreased the biofilm mass only during the late stages of biofilm development.88,89 Additionally, the adhesins encoded by HWP1 and ALS3 also interact with each other and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells expressing C. albicans Hwp1 were able to bind C. albicans hyphae, though only when the hyphae expressed ALS3.90 Taken together, these in vitro studies show that there is the potential for C. albicans yeast cells to attach to hyphal cells. However, this has not been showed directly thus far and more studies are required to determine whether this adhesion between morphologies is sufficient to transport yeast cells. It should be noted that a similar mechanism has been proposed for Candida glabrata yeast cells attached to C. albicans hyphae during oral infections.91
Inhibition of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by centipede oil and linoleic acid
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Yong-Guy Kim, Jin-Hyung Lee, Jae Gyu Park, Jintae Lee
The molecular bases responsible for the effects of centipede oil and linoleic acid on biofilm formation and hyphal growth were investigated by qRT-PCR. Generally, the effects of centipede oil or linoleic acid on the transcriptional levels of biofilm and hyphae-related genes were similar in C. albicans (Figure 6). Both centipede oil and linoleic acid significantly repressed the mRNA levels of the hypha-specific genes CHT2, ECE1, HWP1, RAS1, RBT1, and UME6, while the expression of housekeeping gene RDN18 was not affected by centipede oil or linoleic acid. CHT2 and RAS1 are required for normal filamentous growth (McCreath et al. 1995; Feng et al. 1999). HWP1 (also called ECE2), ECE1, and RBT1 are essential for hyphal development (Nobile, Andes, et al. 2006; Nobile, Nett, et al. 2006). UME6 is a filament-specific regulator of the hyphal extension of C. albicans (Banerjee et al. 2008) and thus enhances biofilm formation (Banerjee et al. 2013). The gene expression results support the inhibitions of hyphal growth and biofilm formation observed. The expressions of other biofilm- and hypha-related genes (ALS3, CDR1, CDR2, RTA3, and TEC1) were less affected by centipede oil and linoleic acid.