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Oral Health
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Ana Moura Teles, José Manuel Cabeda
All this renders the oral microbiome a complex system capable of influencing health not only locally at the oral cavity, but also influencing the systemic immunological status and capable of influencing distant anatomical status health. Thus, it should be possible to manipulate the microbiome’s potential to optimize personal health and identify microbial profiles with potential use to assess disease risk, which is the next phase of the Human Microbiome Project.
Probiotics and Depression
Published in Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin, Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
Psychobiotics is an approach that combines two avenues, namely probiotics and psychiatric illness (Dinan et al., 2013). Dinan et al. (2013) describes psychobiotics as “a live organism that, when ingested in adequate amounts, produces a health benefit in patients suffering from psychiatric illness”. The National Institute of Health in the USA has funded many projects which appear to be yielding promising results. Currently the Human Microbiome Project is funding projects exploring, pregnancy and preterm birth, onset of inflammatory bowel disease, and onset of Type II diabetes. In 2012 Thomas Insel, Director of the National Institute of Mental Health in the USA, referred to the study of macrobiotics “How these differences in our microbial would influence the development of the brain and behavior will be one of the greatest frontiers of clinical neuroscience in the next decade” (Insel, 2012). Research in recent years appears to be yielding promising results which indicate that cognitive and emotional processes can be altered by microbes acting through the brain-gut axis (Dinan et al., 2013; Heijtz et al., 2011).
Early Life Gut Microbiome
Published in Crystal D. Karakochuk, Kyly C. Whitfield, Tim J. Green, Klaus Kraemer, The Biology of the First 1,000 Days, 2017
Christopher J. Stewart, Stephen P. Cummings
Improvements in high-throughput methodologies, coupled to reducing costs, have profoundly improved our ability to survey the microbiome. To date, the vast majority of human microbiome studies have focused on the bacterial community in the gut. Typically, a variable region of the universal 16S rRNA gene is amplified, giving 250bp fragments that allow identification of bacterial genera. Large-scale studies of human populations, such as the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), have revealed that the human microbiome is unique to an individual and remains highly stable through adulthood in healthy individuals. Research is now focused on how perturbations in normal microbiome development occur and the subsequent risk factors associated with a range of diseases.
Impact of tuberculosis disease on human gut microbiota: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Tejaswini Baral, Shilia Jacob Kurian, Levin Thomas, Chandrashekar Udyavara Kudru, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay, Kavitha Saravu, Mohan K Manu, Jitendra Singh, Murali Munisamy, Amit Kumar, Bidita Khandelwal, Mahadev Rao, Sonal Sekhar Miraj
The decline in TB incidence rate achieved in previous years has slowed. It is worsening in 2021 and 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic [2]. There is demand for intensified TB research to achieve the END TB strategy targets by 2035. Research on human microbiota has gained momentum with the evolution of sequencing techniques and bioinformatics. The human microbiome project created an avenue of research on understanding the microbial diversities, inter-microbial communities link axes in our body, and potential links to health and diseases [3]. The human body contains a few symbiotic microbial communities or ecosystems such as GM, lung microbiota, skin microbiota, and urogenital microbiota. However, the GM reflects the entire microbiota and is responsible for all microbial activity in our body [4]. It exerts its effect across body sites via gut–lung, gut–brain, and gut–liver axes [1]. GM’s microbial ecosystem exerts physiological functions like digestion, metabolism, immune system regulation, and antipathogenic activities by exhibiting microbial antagonism and producing byproducts.
The pathogenic oral–gut–liver axis: new understandings and clinical implications
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Jin Imai, Sho Kitamoto, Nobuhiko Kamada
The NIH Human Microbiome Project, launched as a part of the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research, recognized the need to accelerate our understanding of how our bodies and microorganisms interact to influence health and disease [1–3]. The complex ecosystem of the human gastrointestinal tract consists of many microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi [4]. Advances in next-generation sequencing have made it possible to obtain large amounts of DNA sequencing data from all types of samples [5]. In particular, 16S rRNA analysis has enabled a high level of quantification in estimating the composition and abundance of bacteria in the community. Several studies have elucidated the vital role that the gut microbiota plays in host physiology, such as energy acquisition and the development of the immune system [1]. On the other hand, abnormalities in the gut microbiome, characteristic of various disease conditions, namely dysbiosis, have been reported. It is believed that gut dysbiosis is not simply a consequence of the disease. Rather, the dysbiotic microbiota harbors abnormalities in the context of its metabolic and immunogenic functions, and thereby directly contributes to disease pathogenesis [6].
The rectal mucosal but not fecal microbiota detects subclinical ulcerative colitis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Yu-Fei Lin, Chang Mu Sung, Huei-Mien Ke, Chia-Jung Kuo, Wei-an Liu, Wen-Sy Tsai, Cheng-Yu Lin, Hao-Tsai Cheng, Meiyeh J Lu, Isheng. J. Tsai, Sen-Yung Hsieh
The experimental protocol was adapted from the Human Microbiome Project.36 Total genomic DNA was extracted using DNeasy PowerSoil kit (Cat #: 12888, QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) with slight modifications. During sample pre-processing, the bead solution was added to the frozen stool sample in a 15 ml Falcon tube (2.0 ml/g frozen stool; 1.8 ml/biopsy). The mixture was vortexed vigorously for 30 s, then incubated at 65°C for 10 min and 95°C for 10 min using a water bath. Large particles were pelleted by centrifugation at 1,500 g × for 5 min, and 900 µl of supernatant was transferred to the PowerSoil bead tube. The rest of the protocol is as detailed by the manufacturer, with the following exceptions in reference to the user manual: (1) In Step 3, sample homogenization was performed using PowerLyzer®24 Homogenizer (Cat #: 13155, QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) set to 4,200 rpm for 45 s. (2) In Step 13, 1040 µl of Solution C4 was added. (3) In Step 16, the spin column was washed twice with 500 µl of solution C5 before elution.