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Heat, cold and electrical trauma
Published in Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones, Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones
Hyperthermia, a condition where the core body temperature is greater than 40°C (100°F), occurs when heat is no longer effectively dissipated, leading to excessive heat retention. Its development may be associated with those who have taken prescribed drugs including some anti-psychotics and those who have taken illicit stimulants including cocaine and amphetamine and some novel psychoactive substances. These appear to elevate metabolic rate/heat production or reduce sweating. It may also occur in those with medical conditions (e.g., hyperthyroidism), or in those who are resisting restraint. It may occur in those exposed to high ambient temperatures (heat stroke) and has a high risk of mortality or morbidity, which can occur in the young and fit (exertional heat stroke) as well as the elderly and infirm (non-exertional heat stroke). Other examples may include children trapped in hot cars. Exertional heat illness is recognised within military training programmes. Autopsy findings in such cases are non-specific but can include diffuse petechial haemorrhages of serosal membranes and lung congestion as well as features in keeping with ‘shock’ and multiple organ failure in those who survive for a short period, if resuscitative measures are ineffective.
Assumptions Underlying Two Hypotheses of Hot Flash Initiation and Evidence Pertaining to Their Validity
Published in Diana L. Taylor, Nancy F. Woods, Menstruation, Health, and Illness, 2019
Observed changes in digital skin conductance support the idea that the flash includes SNS arousal (Sturdee et al., 1978; Guice, in preparation). This is also supported by studies of catecholamine changes (reviewed in Kronenberg & Downey, 1987). Thermal sweating has been shown to include palmar and plantar sites (Wilcott, 1963; Allen, Robinson, & Roddie, 1978). This results from the presence of arteriovenous anastomoses, which are also found in the lips, nose, and ears of humans. The Guice and Wirth (in preparation) results show digital skin conductance to be continuously low between flashes in hot flash subjects, lower than the minimum for controls. Cessation of forearm sweating between flashes (Guice & Wirth, in preparation) further supports the heat retention position of H2.
Temperature
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Manual of Neuroanesthesia, 2017
This differs from hyperthermia, which refers to heat retention attributable to unregulated readjustment of the thermoregulatory mechanism. Hyperthermia occurs when there are disturbances to the central mechanisms of thermoregulation and heat-dissipating mechanisms have been compromised. The exact mechanism of hyperthermia is unknown. This may persist for weeks with lack of diurnal variation and a plateau-like pattern of elevation and maintenance.36
The differential effects of upadacitinib treatment on skin rashes of four anatomical sites in patients with atopic dermatitis
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2023
Teppei Hagino, Hidehisa Saeki, Eita Fujimoto, Naoko Kanda
The trunk, mostly covered by clothing, creates an enclosed space that is more likely to cause heat retention, contributing to itching. Patients with AD are associated with sweat retention via the decreased sweating by autonomic imbalances or histamine-induced suppression, or via occlusion of sweat pores by horny plugs; the sweat retention causes skin dryness and heat retention. Patients with AD are also associated with sweat leakage into the surrounding dermis due to the reduced claudin-3 expression in sweat gland/ducts, causing painful itching and maintenance of inflammation due to proteases, histamine, salt, LL-37, or contaminated skin surface antigens in the sweat (14). Regional sweat rate is generally higher in trunk than in lower limbs (15). Thus, the trunk may be the area susceptible to itching or retention of inflammation induced by the sweating impairment in AD patients (14,16), leading to the lower responsiveness to upadacitinib treatment.
Non‐pharmaceutical treatment options for meibomian gland dysfunction
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2020
The simplest approach to warm‐compress therapy is the application of a hot towel. However, this approach has not been standardised for the treatment of MGD, with patients applying the towel for various times at various temperatures and with varying degrees of compliance.2011 One study found that application of a hot towel at 45°C for a total of at least four minutes, with replacement of the towel with a new one at the same temperature every two minutes, resulted in eyelid warming sufficient to melt meibum in individuals with MGD.2008 Such a procedure is probably not realistic for the performance of warm‐compress therapy by patients at home. Although hot towels have been found to be effective for the treatment of MGD, they have also been reported to induce transient visual impairment due to corneal distortion, as evidenced by the polygonal reflex of Fischer‐Schweitzer and that apparently results from the associated application of light pressure.2007 Therapy with a hot towel was found to be not as effective with regard to heat retention compared with microwaveable bags containing beads or wheat.2016 The application of bundled hot towels allows an appropriate temperature to be maintained, although, again, compliance is unlikely to be good.2015
The environmental temperature of the residential care home: Role in thermal comfort and mental health?
Published in Contemporary Nurse, 2019
Michelle Cleary, Toby Raeburn, Sancia West, Charmaine Childs
Links between temperature extremes and mortality (Basu & Samet, 2002) have long been reported, particularly with regard to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. In European climates (United Kingdom for example) public health research has focused primarily on the adverse health effects of cold weather (Public Health England) due to longer spells of cold weather and frequent ‘cold snaps’. Although the UK has relatively short and infrequent ‘heatwaves’ during summertime, Hajat, Vardoulakis, Heaviside, and Eggen (2014) noted a significantly increased risk of cold (and heat) related morbidity and mortality with older people most at risk. This is because older people have different responses to the same thermal conditions than younger people due to changes in their sensory perceptions, and different optimal thermal conditions, thus increasing the likelihood of thermal discomfort (Van Hoof, Schellen, Soebarto, Wong, & Kazak, 2017). In countries where heat waves have increased, like many urban districts of the United States, older adults were vulnerable primarily because they spend long periods inside buildings where the construction and materials of the building contribute to body heat retention, thus exposing older adults to temperatures which exceed the comfort zone (White-Newsome et al., 2012).