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Ceftriaxone
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Baek-Nam Kim, Anna Maria Peri, David L. Paterson
Ceftriaxone can be useful for the treatment of endocarditis caused by viridans streptococci and S. gallolyticus (formerly S. bovis) susceptible or relatively resistant to penicillin (Gould et al., 2012; Habib et al., 2015; Baddour et al., 2015). S. pneumoniae endocarditis, similar to that caused by oral streptococci, can be treated with ceftriaxone (Habib et al., 2015).For patients with endocarditis caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococci (MIC 0.1–4 μg/ml), a third-generation cephalosporin can be used (Baddour et al., 2015). In patients with endocarditis and meningitis, high doses of cefotaxime are reasonable (Baddour et al., 2015). If the isolate is also cefotaxime resistant (MIC ≥ 2 μg/ml), then the addition of vancomycin and rifampin may be considered for patients with endocarditis and meningitis (Baddour et al., 2015). Endocarditis caused by Granulicatella and Abiotrophia spp. (formerly nutritionally variant streptococci) can be treated with ceftriaxone, combined with an aminoglycoside (Habib et al., 2015; Baddour et al., 2015).
Composition and Diversity of Human Oral Microbiome
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Preethi Balan, Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne and Wim Crielaard
In one of the earliest studies on the human oral microbiome, Aas and colleagues analysed nine oral sites from five clinically healthy subjects to determine the site and subject specificity of bacterial colonisation using ABI 3100 DNA sequencer [10]. The species that were found to be common to all oral sites belonged to the genera Streptococcus, Veillonella, Gemella, and Granulicatella. However, some species were site specific. The predominant species on the tooth surface were Streptococcus sp. clone EK048, S. sanguinis, and S. gordonii, and Rothia dentocariosa, G. hemolysans, G. adiacens, Actinomyces sp. clone BL008 and Abiotrophia defectiva. In subgingival plaque, several species of Streptococcus and Gemella were often detected. S. mitis biovar 2 was present at the lateral side of the tongue while being absent on the tongue dorsum. On the hard palate, the predominant bacterial species included S. mitis, S. mitis biovar 2, Streptococcus sp. clone FN051, Streptococcus infantis, Granulicatella elegans, G. hemolysans, and Neisseria subflava. On the soft palate, S. mitis, other cultivable and not-yet-cultivable species of Streptococcus, G. adiacens and G. hemolysans were predominant. Following this study, Egija Zaura and colleagues examined the diversity and uniqueness of individual oral microbiomes using pyrosequencing for the first time [18]. In this study it was observed that the cheek samples were the least diverse while the dental samples showed the highest diversity. Principal component analysis discriminated the profiles of the samples originating from shedding mucosal surfaces from the samples that were obtained from the non-shedding surfaces [18].
Mycobiome in health and disease
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Najla El-Jurdi, Jyotsna Chandra, Pranab K. Mukherjee
In a separate study, Mukherjee et al. [70] characterized the oral bacteriome and mycobiome in oral wash samples collected from study participants with or without HIV infection and reported that the abundance of bacteria and fungi were negatively correlated (increasing abundance of bacteria was associated with the deceasing abundance of fungi). In samples from uninfected patients, a negative correlation was found between Rothia and Cladosporium, and between Granulicatella and Cryptococcus. A similar correlation was identified between Campylobacter and Candida in patients infected with HIV. Such interactions were also reported by Navazesh et al. [79] and Cruz et al. [80] who reported negative interactions between Campylobacter and Candida, and Enterococcus faecalis and C. albicans, respectively. In a separate study, Workman et al. [81] reported that secretory proteins produced by Campylobacter inhibit the growth of C. albicans. Faust et al. [82] identified a global network of 3005 significant co-occurrence and co-exclusion relationships between 197 clades (genetically similar organisms with a common ancestor) occurring throughout the human microbiome and dependent on the body site. More recently, Sokol et al. [83] showed inter-kingdom microbial associations in CD where several fungal genera (including Saccharomyces and Malassezia) were positively correlated with bacterial taxa. However, these investigators did not observe correlations between Candida and bacteria (in contrast with our study), which could be because they used samples from unrelated controls as comparators, while we used non-diseased relatives to identify disease-associated changes and interactions. These differences between different studies also bring our attention to the need for development of standardized methods for microbiome analyses.
Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Mogibacterium promote IL8/IFNγ/TNFα-based pro-inflammation in patients with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2021
Qingxiang Li, Yinfei Pu, Han Lu, Ning Zhao, Yifei Wang, Yuxing Guo, Chuanbin Guo
According to De Ceulaer et al., MRONJ could be considered as a bisphosphonate-induced Actinomyces infection [16]. Most specimens (83/101) from oncological patients who had the histological confirmation of MRONJ revealed the presence of Actinomyces infection [17]. In this study, we found different bacteria distribution in MRONJ lesions and normal oral mucosa. We discovered that Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Mogibacterium detected in necrotic bone were associated with the progression of MRONJ [18,19]. A previous study used Porphyromonas in combination with alendronate to establish bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) model in rats, which further suggested these specific bacteria might be a possible risk factor for MRONJ [20]. Treponema is a constituent of healthy oral flora, which has a vital role in periodontal disease etiology and pathogenesis; its reduction prompts the disorder of microbiota [21]. Mogibacterium is a pathogenic anaerobe that has been associated with acute dental abscess [22]. Granulicatella is one of the common health-associated commensals [23]. The changing trends of the relative abundance of these genera observed in the present study were consistent with the occurrence of MRONJ.
First case of Abiotophia defectiva infectious endocarditis treated with a combination of amoxicillin and daptomycin
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Tomasz Chroboczek, Julie Le Scanff, Gary David
Abiotrophia and Granulicatella mainly cause bacteremia and infectious endocarditis (IE), but can also be implicated in osteomyelitis, pancreatic or brain abscesses, intestinal infections, pneumonia, and keratitis.1–4 These two groups of bacteria are responsible for about 1-3% of all IE.1A. defectiva IE is a serious disease, with a high rate of failure, relapse, and complications, and it usually requires a prolonged treatment, with a combination of amoxicillin and gentamicin, or vancomycin and gentamicin in the case of resistance to penicillin.1,4–7 Since nephrotoxicity associated with prolonged administration of gentamicin can be severe, the use of daptomycin in combination with amoxicillin could be an alternative.
Changes in the oral and nasal microbiota in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Xiaoman Zhang, Xinyi Li, Huajun Xu, Zhihui Fu, Fan Wang, Weijun Huang, Kejia Wu, Chenyang Li, Yupu Liu, Jianyin Zou, Huaming Zhu, Hongliang Yi, Su Kaiming, Meizhen Gu, Jian Guan, Shankai Yin
Granulicatella, Alloprevotella, Tannerell and Filifactor were considered to be periodontal disease related genera [67,68,74,75]. Granulicatella, classified as facultative anaerobic genus, is detected in many sites of the oral cavity [76]. Granulicatella was confirmed to be closely related to infection. In addition to oral diseases, it was also involved in a variety of infections, including infective endocarditis and maxillary sinusitis [77,78]. Several studies have reflected that Alloprevotella sp. is enriched in patients with oral cancer [79,80]. Filifactor alocis was related to OSCC and the abundance of this species increased with the progress of OSCC [81]. These results indicated that these genera might actually participate in oral carcinogenesis and development. Tannerella forsythia was thought to induce increased expression of glucose transporters 1 and glucose transporters 4 in cancer cells, thereby increasing nutrient supply and promoting proliferation [82]. In addition, T. Forsythia has been proven to induce the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 [83]. In this study, Granulicatella, Alloprevotella, Tannerell and Filifactor were considered to be related to sleep variables. The possible explanation was that Granulicatella, Alloprevotella, Tannerell and Filifactor ectopically colonized at the adenoids and tonsils sites, which led to the adenoids and tonsils hypertrophy through their pro-inflammatory and pro-proliferation effects, and then caused obstruction of the upper respiratory tract.