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Anti-Inflammatory Compounds Derived from Marine Macroalgae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin, David W. Morton
Galacto-glycerolipids are widely found in plants and photosynthetic bacteria. They are a class of compounds, in which galactose is bound at the glycerol sn-3 position in O-glycosidic linkage to diacylglycerol. While phosphoglycerolipids make the primary building blocks of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes, non-phosphorous galactoglycerolipids are the main building blocks of plant cells (Benning and Ohta 2005). Galacto-glycerolipids are an important part of plant cell membranes where they constitute the bulk of the polar lipids in photosynthetic membranes. Moreover, galactolipids are the most widespread group of non-phosphorous lipids, being the major constituents of the photosynthetic membranes of higher plants, algae, and bacteria (Dörmann and Benning 2002). They account for 80% of the membrane lipids found in green plant tissues. In contrast, to membranes of animals and yeasts, where phospholipids are the main lipid group, galactolipids are major constituents of the photosynthetic membranes of higher plants, algae and bacteria (Dörmann and Benning 2002). Lipids in plants consists mainly of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG and DGDG) containing one or two saturated or unsaturated fatty acids linked to the glycerol part of the molecule (Figure 9.2). As in higher plants, the proportions of MGDG are higher in the lipids from marine algae exposed to white light (Radwan et al. 1988).
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Triglycerides belong to the group of glycerolipids formed by the condensation of one, two, or three fatty acids on glycerol, a trihydroxy alcohol. A triglyceride (also called triacylglycerol) is an ester of a glycerol and three fatty acids. It is formed by combining the 3 alcohol -OH groups of a glycerol with the carboxylic -COOH group of 3 fatty acids to give 3 ester bonds (66–68). The 3 fatty acids (FA) in triglyceride are generally different and most formed by long saturated or unsaturated carbon chain lengths containing from 4 to 24 carbon atoms.
Lipidomic Insight into Membrane Remodeling in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Lipids are biomolecules varying in the structure of their head groups, the nature and number of carbon–carbon bonds (single or double C=C bonds) in lipophilic fatty acids chains, and all ligands. Lipids are involved in many metabolic pathways and are responsible for energy storage. Different classes and derivatives, including fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, prenols, saccharolipids, and polyketides are presented in Figure 7.2 [15,16].
Design and evaluation of erucic acid-phytosphingosine structured cationic nanoemulsions as a plasmid DNA delivery system against breast cancer cells
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Selen İsar, Hasan Akbaba, Yiğit Şahİn, Meric A. Altinöz, Ayşe Nalbantsoy, Gülşah Erel-Akbaba, Yücel Başpınar
A cationic agent in the formulation is required due to the formation of a complex with anionic nucleic acids through electrostatic interactions. For that purpose, natural cationic compounds are preferred to ensure low toxicity. Within the last decades, several cationic agents have been studied for the complexation and delivery of nucleic acids like 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethyl ammonium propane, DDAB, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, polyethylenimine, poly 2-dimethyl-aminoethyl methacrylate, poly l-lysine and chitosan. For our purpose to prepare and characterize cationic NEs, cationic lipids are preferred. Lipids can be categorized into eight groups: fatty acids, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, saccharolipids, polyketides, sterol lipids, and prenol lipids.
Serum metabolomics of end-stage renal disease patients with depression: potential biomarkers for diagnosis
Published in Renal Failure, 2021
Dezhi Yuan, Tian Kuan, Hu Ling, Hongkai Wang, Liping Feng, Qiuye Zhao, Jinfang Li, Jianhua Ran
In this study, we also found abnormalities in glycerolipid metabolism. Elevated levels of LysoPC(18:1), PG(36:1) and PA(34:2) are observed in ESRD patients with depression compared with ESRD patients without depression. Phospholipids that account for 60% of the brain weight, is critical for brain neuronal structures especially synaptic structures [54]. The three phospholipids of PA, PG, and LysoPC play important roles in signal transduction of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and acetylcholine [55,56]. The dysregulation of lipid metabolism has been demonstrated in patients and rats with CKD and ESRD [57–59]. It has been reported that PA, PG, and LysoPC are important signaling molecules with various biological functions involved in cell proliferation and inflammatory processes [60–62]. Therefore, our current demonstrated the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in ESRD patients with depression.
Predictive value of metabolomic biomarkers for cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
Peter McGranaghan, Anshul Saxena, Muni Rubens, Jasmin Radenkovic, Doris Bach, Leonhard Schleußner, Burkert Pieske, Frank Edelmann, Tobias Daniel Trippel
The most common metabolite class used in CVD prediction models was glycerophospholipids, which belong to a group of lipid metabolites that modulate systemic oxidative stress and inflammation (Prescott 2000, Sevastou 2013). There were 12 different species of glycerophospholipid metabolites reported across six different studies which were found to be significantly associated with CVD outcomes; however, the combined effect size for this subgroup was insignificant in our analysis. Floegel (2018) found that three glycerophospholipid metabolites involved in the arachidonic acid pathway, were able to improve CVD prediction independent of traditional CVD risk factors and other biomarkers after conducting a targeted metabolomic analysis of 105 metabolites in two German prospective cohorts (n = 204, n = 208). Other meta-analyses have yielded solid evidence of an association between triglycerides and CVD (Hokanson and Austin 1996, Sarwar 2007), but it remains controversial whether triglyceride levels are just a marker of proatherogenic lipoprotein dynamics and composition (Chapman 2011, Miller 2011) or are causally related to lipoprotein retention in the vessel wall, plaque stability and thrombogenicity (Sambola 2003, Chapman 2011). The triglyceride metabolites in this meta-analysis showed conflicting results, as the combined effect for the glycerolipids subgroup was not significantly associated to CVD outcomes. The heterogenous findings could also be due to a combination of factors such as diet intake, medication effects or the pathophysiology of comorbidities like diabetes mellitus.