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PlasmaThe Non-cellular Components of Blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Various proteins belong to this group of globulins: α2-Macroglobulin. This is a protease inhibitor in plasma and is the major protein in the α2-globulin fraction (∼80%). It has inhibitory functions on plasma trypsin, chymotrypsin and plasmin. The primary function of α2-macroglobulin may be to inhibit proteases produced by infectious organisms.Prothrombin. Prothrombin is a clotting factor synthesized by the liver. About 60% of the extracellular pool of prothrombin is in the plasma and 40% in the extravascular space. It has a rapid turnover.Haptoglobin. This is a heterogeneous group of globulins that bind free Hb and transport it to the liver.Ceruloplasmin. Ceruloplasmin is a plasma protein that carries copper and is produced in the liver. It also functions as an oxidase enzyme and oxidizes ferrous to ferric ions before the binding of iron to transferrin. As an acute-phase protein, it may modulate inflammation by its free-radical scavenging properties.
Disorders in tHemostasis System and Changes in the Rheological Properties of the Blood in Ischemic Heart Disease and Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Published in E.I. Sokolov, Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus, 2020
Normally, the beta-lipoproteins have a high molecular weight and negative charge, which prevents adsorption of these particles on the surface of an erythrocyte membrane. In DM deep enzymatic and structural changes of the erythrocyte membranes occur, in particular, the concentration of the glycoproteins drops. The latter include sialic acids responsible for the charge density, which facilitates the adsorption of the beta-lipoproteins on the surface of the blood cell membranes [46, 263, 481, 525, 557]. The negative charge of the erythrocytes in DM also diminishes as a result of the disturbance of protein metabolism in the form of DLP. Here the amount of albumins diminishes the content of globulins in the blood grows [133, 390].
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Published in Rebecca A. Cox, Immunology of the Fungal Diseases, 2020
Beatriz Jimenez-Finkel, Angela Restrepo-Moreno
The serum factor responsible for the diminished transformation is unknown. Excess of circulating antibodies, presence of immune complexes, and/or elevated levels of certain globulins (alpha-2) have been implicated.86–91 Nonetheless, the results clearly indicate that the immune response is highly complex and that its regulation is not well understood in paracoccidioidomycosis.
Albumin-Globulin Ratio Indicates the Survival Outcome of Pancreatic Cancer Cases Who Underwent Preoperative Treatment and Curative Surgical Resection
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Masamichi Hayashi, Daigo Kobayashi, Hideki Takami, Yoshikuni Inokawa, Nobutake Tanaka, Keisuke Kurimoto, Koki Nakanishi, Shinichi Umeda, Dai Shimizu, Norifumi Hattori, Mitsuro Kanda, Chie Tanaka, Goro Nakayama, Yasuhiro Kodera
The inflammatory status also produces acute-phase protein and immunoglobulin aggregation, leading to increased serum globulin (16). Additional analysis in Supplementary Table 2 indicated that high globulin level was significantly associated with the histological result of cancer invasion of the duodenum (P = 0.032). Generally, gamma-globulin, deeply related to immune function among the globulins, is called immunoglobulin. There are five types of immunoglobulins: G, M, A, D, and E. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is mainly responsible for gut immunity. Peyer’s patches are unique and vital immune organs localized in the intestinal wall. Primary immune cells such as dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells are concentrated in the Peyer’s patch region. These intestinal immune cell groups work together to produce IgA against the invading antigen and prevent it from entering the body. Such a mechanism may affect the association between globulin and duodenum invasion.
Blood group O is associated with post-COVID-19 syndrome in outpatients with a low comorbidity index
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Sara Díaz-Salazar, Raquel Navas, Laura Sainz-Maza, Patricia Fierro, Meryam Maamar, Arancha Artime, Héctor Basterrechea, Benedetta Petitta, Stefanie Pini, José Manuel Olmos, Carmen Ramos, Emilio Pariente, José Luis Hernández
Albumin and globulin are the main components of serum proteins. A low serum albumin reflects a poor nutritional status, liver, and kidney dysfunction, and has been shown to be an independent predictor of poor survival in critically ill patients [39]. The globulin contains immunity-related proteins such as complement, interleukins and immunoglobulins. An increased level of globulin has been proved to be related to chronic inflammation and to various types of haematologic cancers, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and light chain disease [40]. Therefore, the AGR, taking albumin and globulin into account, has been considered a promising biomarker for inflammation [41,42]. Inflammation may lead to decreased albumin and increased globulins, and consequently, a lower AGR. In acute COVID-19, low AGR has proven usefulness as a prognostic factor for severity and mortality, and also as an initial risk index of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals [39].
Prognostic Value of the Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Longfang Quan, Xiaohan Jiang, Xiaoqiang Jia, Fang Cheng
The AGR can be applied as an inflammatory indicator to evaluate the systemic inflammatory status of the host (27). A low AGR can be caused by low serum albumin levels and/or high serum globulin levels. The mechanisms of the association between the AGR and poor survival outcomes in CRC have not been fully elucidated but can be explained in the following aspects. On the one hand, albumin is generally regarded as a biological parameter reflecting the nutritional status. Hypoalbuminemia is usually considered to reflect malnutrition. Hypoalbuminemia is a common clinical characteristic of patients with cancer, especially in those with advanced stages (28). Lower serum albumin levels are associated with poor survival in patients with cancer (28). On the other hand, serum globulin is another protein produced by immune organs and consists of various proinflammatory proteins (29). Serum globulins are involved in chronic inflammatory responses and promote tumor proliferation, immune evasion, and distant metastasis (30). Therefore, a decrease in albumin levels and an increase in serum globulin levels could lead to a lower AGR, which is indicative of tumor progression and poor prognosis.