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PlasmaThe Non-cellular Components of Blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Various proteins belong to this group of globulins: α2-Macroglobulin. This is a protease inhibitor in plasma and is the major protein in the α2-globulin fraction (∼80%). It has inhibitory functions on plasma trypsin, chymotrypsin and plasmin. The primary function of α2-macroglobulin may be to inhibit proteases produced by infectious organisms.Prothrombin. Prothrombin is a clotting factor synthesized by the liver. About 60% of the extracellular pool of prothrombin is in the plasma and 40% in the extravascular space. It has a rapid turnover.Haptoglobin. This is a heterogeneous group of globulins that bind free Hb and transport it to the liver.Ceruloplasmin. Ceruloplasmin is a plasma protein that carries copper and is produced in the liver. It also functions as an oxidase enzyme and oxidizes ferrous to ferric ions before the binding of iron to transferrin. As an acute-phase protein, it may modulate inflammation by its free-radical scavenging properties.
Immunoglobulins
Published in Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla, Textbook of Immunology, 2019
Constantin A. Bona, Francisco A. Bonilla
Gel electrophoresis of serum proteins distinguishes four major peaks (Figure 4–1). Albumin is the most abundant, normally comprising 50–70% of total serum protein. The other three are the alpha, the beta, and the gamma globulins. The gamma globulins are now called immunoglobulins (often abbreviated Ig), or antibodies (Ab). These are large, complex glycoproteins sharing a common structural motif, and grouped into classes and subclasses according to variations upon this motif. For the moment, all one need know about antibody protein structure is that a molecule of Ig contains two different polypeptides called heavy chains, and light chains.
Transplantation immunology
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Satish N. Nadig, Jane C. Kilkenny
Antithymocyte and antilymphocyte globulins were among the earliest successful therapeutic agents used in the management of graft rejection. These reagents are γ-globulin fractions separated from the sera of animals (rabbits, goats, or horses) injected with human thymic lymphocytes or human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Therefore, they are polyclonal and are directed against numerous cell surface epitopes on platelets, T and B cells, NK cells, macrophages, as well as adhesion molecules. They are very effective in the prevention and reversal of rejection episodes, and their mechanism of action is related to the destruction or inhibition of recipient lymphocytes. Their main drawbacks have been related to difficulty in obtaining standardized preparations, reactivity with other cell types, and frequent sensitization of the patients, which often leads to serum sickness when the globulins are administered repeatedly. However, the serum sickness has been greatly reduced by abandoning the horse preparation in favor of the rabbit preparation. Currently, the rabbit preparation is the most widely used and exhibits less batch variation than preparations from previous species. Thymoglobulin is used in situations where reversal of aggressive rejection is necessary, as well as cases where the patient is resistant to immunosuppression with steroids. Finally, this preparation is also used for pregraft induction, a process that involves suppression of immune cell proliferation prior to host exposure to graft antigens.
The prognosis of breast cancer patients with bone metastasis could be potentially estimated based on blood routine test and biochemical examination at admission
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Bo Huang, Fang-Cai Wu, Wei-Dong Wang, Bu-Qing Shao, Xiao-Mei Wang, Ying-Miao Lin, Guo-Xing Zheng, Ming-Ming Dong, Can-Tong Liu, Yi-Wei Xu, Xin-Jia Wang
Inflammation is a recognized hallmark feature of cancer, which plays an important role in the development and progression of malignant tumors, including BC [29,35]. It was reported that globulin can reflect immune and inflammatory status, and hyperglobulinemia may be an indicator of chronic inflammation in cancer patients [36,37]. LDH, a key enzyme involved in glycolysis, played a significant role in the process of metabolism of neoplastic cells, and its elevation showed the formation of tumor-derived immunosuppression [38]. In previous studies, high serum LDH has been identified containing the negative value on prognosis, including BC bone metastasis [8,39]. In our study, we also found that high level of globulin and LDH might indicate the poor OS, which were consistent with the above studies.
Albumin-Globulin Ratio Indicates the Survival Outcome of Pancreatic Cancer Cases Who Underwent Preoperative Treatment and Curative Surgical Resection
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Masamichi Hayashi, Daigo Kobayashi, Hideki Takami, Yoshikuni Inokawa, Nobutake Tanaka, Keisuke Kurimoto, Koki Nakanishi, Shinichi Umeda, Dai Shimizu, Norifumi Hattori, Mitsuro Kanda, Chie Tanaka, Goro Nakayama, Yasuhiro Kodera
The inflammatory status also produces acute-phase protein and immunoglobulin aggregation, leading to increased serum globulin (16). Additional analysis in Supplementary Table 2 indicated that high globulin level was significantly associated with the histological result of cancer invasion of the duodenum (P = 0.032). Generally, gamma-globulin, deeply related to immune function among the globulins, is called immunoglobulin. There are five types of immunoglobulins: G, M, A, D, and E. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is mainly responsible for gut immunity. Peyer’s patches are unique and vital immune organs localized in the intestinal wall. Primary immune cells such as dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells are concentrated in the Peyer’s patch region. These intestinal immune cell groups work together to produce IgA against the invading antigen and prevent it from entering the body. Such a mechanism may affect the association between globulin and duodenum invasion.
The Predictive Value of a New Inflammatory-Nutritional Score for Quality of Life after Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Simeng Zhang, Ruiqing Liu, Maoshen Zhang, JiLin Hu, Shuai Xiang, Zinian Jiang, Dongsheng Wang
Patient-related baseline data were collected, including sex, age of diagnosis, histological grade, pTNM stage (AJCC cancer stage 8th edition), preoperative surgical history, preoperative comorbidities, and postoperative chemotherapy history. Body mass index (BMI) and blood measurements were obtained within 2 weeks before surgery. Continuous variables (normal values), including Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) (39 U/ml), Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (3.4 ng/ml), Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (7.02 ng/ml), hemoglobin (120 g/ml), prealbumin (200 mg/L), and albumin-globulin ratio (AGR, 1.2), were grouped according to the standards set by the Clinical Laboratory of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. The optimal cutoff value for preoperative BMI (23 kg/m2) was determined according to Asia-specific criteria (18). The inflammatory-nutritional index was calculated using the following formula: NLR = N/L, PLR = P/L, LMR = L/M; SII = P × N/L; PNI = albumin (g/L) +5 × L(109/L), AAPR = albumin (g/L)/alkaline phosphatase (µ/L) (where P: platelet count, M: monocyte count, N: neutrophil count, L: lymphocyte [109]/L]). There was no established cutoff value for the inflammatory-nutritional index in the current study. The optimal cutoff value was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis as follows: NLR (2.27), PLR (264.56), LMR (5.03), SII (900.73), PNI (49.14), and AAPR (0.64).