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Chemokine Receptors as HIV-1 Coreceptors
Published in Thomas R. O’Brien, Chemokine Receptors and AIDS, 2019
Two seven-transmembrane receptors with extensive sequence homology to CCR5 and CXCR4, Bonzo/STRL33/TYMSTR (44–48) and BOB/GPR15 (45, 46, 49), have been shown to mediate entry of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), as well as some M-tropic HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains. However, recent data from Moore’s group showing that R5Bonzo and R5X4Bonzo human primary HIV-1 isolates cannot infect primary human T-cells through the use of Bonzo alone (41) questions the physiologic role of Bonzo in HIV pathogenesis. Doms and colleagues have provided evidence in support of the physiologic role of Bonzo/STRL33, although they acknowledge that this entry co-receptor is rarely used by primary HIV-1 (50). Other molecules identified through in vitro studies as HIV-1 entry coreceptors, GPR1 (46, 49), CCR8 (51, 52), US28 (53), V28/CX3CR1 (51), APJ (54, 55), ChemR23 (56), and CMKRLl/leukotriene B4 receptor (57), similarly lack strong in vivo evidence for a clear role in HIV pathogenesis. Recent evidence that genetic polymorphisms in the CX3CRJ gene are associated with HIV-1 disease progression is likely explained by interactions with the HIV-1 life cycle other than cell entry (58).
High concentration of chemerin caused by ovarian hyperandrogenism may lead to poor IVF outcome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2019
Yuan Wang, Rong Huang, Xiaoxue Li, Qinling Zhu, Yu Liao, Tao Tao, Xiaonan Kang, Wei Liu, Shengxian Li, Yun Sun
Rencently, the negative impact of chemerin, which is a newly discovered adipose tissue derived cytokine, on female reproduction has drawn much attention. In our previous study (148 PCOS vs. 88 controls), patients with PCOS showed a higher serum chemerin concentration than healthy women, and individuals with higher chemerin level tended to be at higher risk for ovarian volume excess in patients with PCOS [7], implying that chemerin is involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Reverchon et al. found that chemerin exsisted in follicular fluid as well as in serum, and its level was significantly higher in the former one [8]. Since follicles live in the microenvironment provided by follicular fluid [9], various bioactive cytokines secreted into the follicular fluid are involved in follicular development and oocyte maturation through autocrine and paracrine signaling [10]. In addition, chemerin and its three receptors chemokine like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G protein coupled receptor 1 (GPR1), and chemokine (CC motif) receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) were detected in ovarian granulosa cells, theca cells and oocytes [8,11], suggesting that chemerin may have effects on oocytes development and possibly impact IVF outcomes via its receptors expressed in the follicles. Therefore, investigating the local effect of chemerin in the ovary attracted our attention.
Association of serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin concentrations with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Md Yasir, Gandhipuram Periyasamy Senthilkumar, Kuppuswami Jayashree, K. Ramesh Babu, Mehalingam Vadivelan, Chinnakali Palanivel
Omentin-1 is a novel peptide adipocytokine which was first acknowledged from cDNA library consisting of human omental white adipose tissue (WAT) (Yang et al.2006). It is an adipocytokine which is released from omental and epicardial adipose tissue; and also from blood vessels, intestinal and respiratory airway goblet cells, mesothelial cells and ovary (Smitka and Marešová 2015, Watanabe et al.2017). The major effects of this secretory adipokine are the positive influences on insulin sensitivity and reduction of inflammation. In human adipocytes, it has been found to play a role in promoting insulin-induced glucose uptake via protein kinase B (PKB) phosphorylation (Yang et al.2006). It mainly acts by suppressing ERK/NF-KB pathway or p38/JNK pathway mediated inflammation (Kazama et al.2012, Zhong et al.2012). In patients with obesity, insulin resistance and DM, the circulating concentration of omentin-1 is found to be reduced. As it is a protective molecule against insulin resistance and inflammation, it is worthwhile to study the role of omentin-1 in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Apelin is a peptide adipokine which is also expressed in the brain, cardiac and skeletal muscle and stomach and it acts by binding to G-protein coupled receptor APJ which is an endogenous ligand (Castan-Laurell et al.2011). The role of Apelin/APJ system has been studied in lipid and glucose homeostasis, blood pressure and body fluid regulation, among others (Fasshauer and Blüher 2015, Antushevich and Wójcik 2018). Studies have found a likely connection between apelin signalling and retinal angiogenesis (Wu et al. 2017). A recent study has shown a positive association of serum apelin level with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (Du et al.2014). Chemerin is a pleiotropic peptide cytokine which is predominantly synthesised and released by WAT (Sanchez-Rebordelo et al.2018). It acts by binding to three types of receptors namely, chemerin chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), C-C chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) and G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) (Mattern et al.2014). Its secretion and action are modulated by cytokines like TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta (Du et al.2016). It has both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory action and it is involved in adipogenesis, glucose metabolism and inflammation (Gu et al.2019, Treeck et al.2019). These findings suggest that chemerin may play a role in the development of diabetic retinopathy also.