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Serologic Evaluation Using Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies — Their Diagnostic and Prognostic Usefulness
Published in John T. Kemshead, Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
GFAP is expressed by neoplastic, reactive, and normal astrocytes.52 Well-differentiated astrocytomas stain intensely, while glioblastoma and astrocytoma of higher grade malignancy stain poorly or only in focal areas.53
Sensing and Assessment of Brain Injury
Published in Mark A. Mentzer, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, 2020
According to their company website (Banyon, 2018), Banyan Biomarkers has identified two protein biomarkers, Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), that are detectable in the blood shortly after TBI. UCH-L1 is primarily found in neurons and is involved in cellular protein regulation. GFAP is a member of the intermediate filament family of cytoskeletal proteins which form polymeric networks that provide structural support to glia, which support and nourish cells in the brain. Banyan Biomarkers believes that accurate diagnosis of TBI in acute care environments could significantly simplify decisions about patient management and improve medical care.
Estrogen treatment for senile dementia-Alzheimer’s type
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
H. Honjo, M. Urabe, K. Iwasa, T. Okubo, H. Tsuchiya, N. Kikuchi, T. Yamamoto, S. Fushiki, T. Mizuno, K. Nakajima, M. Hayashi, K. Hayashi
Diencephalons were dissected from newborn ICR mice. After trypsin/EDTA treatment, the dispersed cells were incubated for 10 days at 37°C in DMEM including 10% horse serum, under 5% CO2 + 95% air. The cells adhering to the bottom of the culture flask were separated with trypsin treatment and collected. The collected cells were incubated for another 7 days under the same conditions. The re-adhered cells were collected and used for an experiment to determine estrogen effects. The collected cells were incubated for another 4 days under the same conditions with E1-S in various concentrations (0, 10−9-10−6 mol/i). More than 95% of cells were flat and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (+) in immunohistochemistry and were thought to be astrocytes. The astrocytes were divided morphologically into three types, i.e. epithelioid type, radial type and stellate type. The stellate type of astrocyte, which is thought to be a more developed type, increased significantly (p < 0.01) with E1-S. In vivo, estrogen may increase the number of developed astrocytes and support greater neural function.
Neuroprotective effects of quercetin on the cerebellum of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnoNps)-exposed rats
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Shaimaa A. Abdelrahman, Amal S. El-Shal, Abeer A. Abdelrahman, Ebtehal Zaid Hassen Saleh, Abeer A. Mahmoud
Every chemical, mechanical, or degenerative input to the brain causes astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy, which lead to increased GFAP production and astrogliosis, according to Sofroniew and Vinters.87 The molecular mechanism of astrocyte activation has been proposed as oxidative stress, which is a result of the increased need for neural protection.88 So, antioxidants administration could play a crucial protective role against astrogliosis. This explains the significant increase in GFAP immunoexpression in ZnONPs-exposed rats of the present study and reversal after Quercetin supplementation. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein known to be specifically expressed in astrocytes; the glial cells that are responsible for repairing and scarring of the brain following injuries.89 The increase in GFAP expression has been identified as a biomarker of neurotoxicity.90 In the CNS, Quercetin reduced the activation of astrocytes and reduced neuroinflammation.91 The blood-brain barrier is crucial in relation to the toxicity of the nanoparticles in the brain tissue. This expanded membrane between the cerebral capillaries and surrounding endothelial cells contains tight junctions.92,93 When nanoparticles enter the circulation, they may change the permeability of the membrane or cause a cascade of chemicals that damage tight junctions, causing direct or indirect toxicity in the brain tissues. NPs may also stimulate the vesicular transport, to get entry inside the microenvironment of CNS where they further disrupt several molecular pathways.94,95
Differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neurons induced by bone morphogenetic protein 7 in vitro
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Heng Zhang, Lei Gao, Wen Zhang, Kuanxin Li
Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of NF200, SYN1, MAP2 and GFAP in 75 ng/ml BMP-7 group were significantly higher than that in the control group. Similarly, the BMSCs in the 75 ng/ml BMP-7 group were positive for NSE, and the positive rate of NSE cells was higher than the control group. NF-200, synthesized and stored in neuronal cells, is mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and axons of neurons. It plays an important role in maintaining the morphology of neurons, including axonal transport, brain development, and neuronal regeneration and plasticity [21]. SYN1 is a marker that reflects synaptic function. It is distributed on the anterior vesicle membrane of the synapse and plays an important role in the release of neurotransmitters. SYN1 expression reflects the formation and density of synapses [22]. MAP2 binds to microtubules and is mainly distributed in the cell body and processes of neurons. It is of great significance for the development of neurons and the formation of processes [23]. GFAP is a marker that responds to astrocytes. It is one of the skeletal components of astrocytes, and its expression level reflects the degree of changes in astrocyte proliferation and necrosi [24]. NSE is a marker enzyme for nerve cells and neuroendocrine cells, which is usually used to study nerve cells in vitro. The immunofluorescence results showed that, the positive expression rate of NSE cells was higher in BMSCs induced by BMP-7, indicating that BMP-7 can promote the differentiation of BMSCs into neural cells.
Leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale ameliorates biomarkers of neuroinflammation, memory loss, and neurobehavioral deficit in N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treated rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi, Adedeji Kolawole Adebayo, Olamide Elizabeth Adebiyi, Kabirat Oluwaseun Adigun, Oluwabusayo Racheal Folarin, Oluwaseun Olanrewaju Esan, Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade, Blessing Seun Ogunpolu, Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi, Iyanuoluwa Omolola Ogunmiluyi, Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale, Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies, James Olukayode Olopade, Adebowale Benard Saba, Adeolu Alex Adedapo, Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng, Lyndy Joy McGaw, Momoh Audu Yakubu, Evaristus Nwulia, Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
Finally, immunohistochemistry of brain samples showed an increased expressions of GFAP and Iba-1 in the untreated L-NAME administered rats. Conversely, decreased expressions of both GFAP and Iba-1 were observed in the rats treated with the extract. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament-III protein that is found in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), non-myelinating Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and enteric glial cells (Savareh et al.2022, Yang et al. 2015). GFAP activation has been reported to play a critical role in astroglia cell activation (astrogliosis) following CNS injuries and neurodegeneration (Zarinfard et al.2022, Dong et al.2022). Astrocytes have a plethora of control and homeostatic functions in health and disease, and are known to assume a reactive phenotype in acute CNS trauma, ischaemia, and in neurodegenerative diseases (Arshiany et al.2022, Middeldorp and Hol 2011, Hol and Pekny 2015, Sofroniew 2014). Interestingly, Serum GFAP is now an emerging biomarker for intracerebral diseases and has been approved for clinical use in traumatic brain injury (Chen et al.2023, Christensen et al.2022). Also from our data, we obtained an increase in Iba-1 expression which indicates an on-going degenerative processes following L-NAME administration.