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Exercise and Dietary Influences on The Regulation of Energy Balance and Implications for Body Weight Control
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Andrea M. Brennan, Robert Ross
Body composition explains the majority (∼60–80%) of the variability in REE and is demonstrated by a linear relationship between body weight and energy expenditure at rest (36). Fat-free mass, in particular, comprises the most metabolically active tissues of the body, including skeletal muscle, liver, heart, and brain. These tissues require a higher energy cost to maintain their vital functions than tissues characterized by high fat mass (19, 76, 106). However, during weight loss interventions, the decrease in REE is greater than expected based on body weight reduction and body composition changes (9).
Peripheral muscles
Published in Claudio F. Donner, Nicolino Ambrosino, Roger S. Goldstein, Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2020
Luis Puente-Maestu, François Maltais, André Nyberg, Didier Saey
Nutritional depletion is common in patients with COPD (17). Body weight can be divided into fat and fat-free mass. Patients can be nutritionally depleted with a reduced FFM, despite having a body weight within normal limits (due to an increased proportion of fat mass). Approximately 10% of COPD patients meet these criteria (17). Undernutrition is known to result in a reduction in muscle mass and fibre atrophy, with type I fibres affected to a greater extent than are type II fibres (17).
Epidemiology of Adult Obesity
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
R. Sue, Nattinee Jitnarin, Michelle L. Vidoni, Christopher M. Kaipust, Austin L. Brown
Hydrodensitometry or underwater weighing (UWW) has long been considered one of the gold standards for measuring body composition and estimating body fat.7 It is one of the classic two-compartment (2-C) models. In the 2-C model, the body is divided into two components, fat mass and fat-free mass (water, protein, and mineral). Therefore, by subtracting fat-free mass from body weight, fat mass can be defined. The UWW applies Archimedes’ principle to determine total body volume or body density by measuring the difference of the body’s weight in water and in air after correction for the volume of air in the respiratory system and in the gastrointestinal tract.8 In this model, it assumes that fat-free mass contents are fixed for all ages.7, 9 Using Siri’s formula,10 fat mass can be determined, and percent body fat can be indirectly estimated using Equation 36.1.
Sarcopenia in Lung Cancer: A Narrative Review
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Uzair Jogiat, Zaharadeen Jimoh, Simon R. Turner, Vickie Baracos, Dean Eurich, Eric L. R. Bédard
Studies have explored the effects of multimodal interventions on the treatment of cancer cachexia. The ACCeRT trial compared the use of EPA, essential amino acids, and cyclooxgenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors with or without resistant training in patients with advanced NSCLC (97). Preliminary results suggest an improvement in fat-free mass measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis and muscle volume by magnetic resonance imaging. Tobberup et al. compared the use of EPA, regular dietary counseling, and unsupervised physical exercise twice weekly to a historical control and observed significant improvements in skeletal muscle mass in the intervention arm (98). Lastly, the MIRACLE study is a phase-III trial currently ongoing, examining the effect of ibuprofen, omega-3 fatty acid, oral nutritional supplementation, and weekly physical, psychiatric, and nutritional counseling in patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy for advanced lung or gastrointestinal cancer (99). Preliminary results from this trial are not yet available.
Effects of resistance training and nigella sativa on type 2 diabetes: implications for metabolic markers, low-grade inflammation and liver enzyme production
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Soheila Jangjo-Borazjani, Maryam Dastgheib, Efat Kiyamarsi, Roghayeh Jamshidi, Saleh Rahmati-Ahmadabad, Masoumeh Helalizadeh, Roya Iraji, Stephen M Cornish, Shiva Mohammadi-Darestani, Zohreh Khojasteh, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani
Body weight and height measurements were performed using an anthropometric scale. Individuals removed shoes and heavy cloths prior to weighing. To measure the height, subjects stood with their scapula, buttocks and heels resting against a wall, the neck was held in a natural non-stretched position, the heels were touching each other, the toe tips formed a 45° angle and the head was held straight with the inferior orbital border in the same horizontal plane as the external auditory conduct. These measurements were then used for body mass index (BMI) calculations (kilograms per square meter). The equation of Córdoba (ECORE) was used to estimate the body fat percentage (Molina-Luque et al.2020). The fat-free mass and fat mass were calculated using body weight and body fat percentage.
Vortioxetine in management of major depressive disorder – a favorable alternative for elderly patients?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Another aspect that may alter vortioxetine pharmacokinetics in the elderly is obesity. Age affects body composition – fat-free mass decreases, and so does energy expenditure. Therefore, the fat mass increases with aging, often leading to obesity [24]. Estimates show that the prevalence of overweight or obese adults aged 65 and over is 35 up to over 40% [24,25]. In a study involving 16 otherwise healthy obese subjects and 14 healthy normal-weight controls, most of the pharmacokinetic parameters, including steady-state concentration (Css) and CL, were similar between obese subjects and controls [26]. However, the washout period was significantly longer in the obese. Of note, the study included only young adults; therefore, it is difficult to directly conclude if a similar effect would be present in the elderly.